Active Control of Cell Size Generates Spatial Detail during Plant Organogenesis.
Active Control of Cell Size Generates Spatial Detail during Plant Organogenesis.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.008
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发表时间：
2015-11-16
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Sablowski R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Serrano-Mislata A;Schiessl K;Sablowski R
细胞如何调节它们的尺寸是一个长期存在的问题。在分裂和芽殖酵母中，细胞周期进程取决于细胞大小，尽管目前还不清楚如何评估大小。在动物中，已经表明细胞大小主要由控制生长和细胞周期的外部信号的平衡来调节，尽管有证据表明细胞培养物中存在细胞自主控制。无论调节是外部的还是细胞自主的，细胞大小控制在多细胞生物体发育中的作用仍然不清楚。植物是研究这个问题的一个方便的系统：茎分生组织不断提供新的细胞形成新的器官，维持一个积极分裂和特征性的小细胞群体很长一段时间。在这里，我们使用实时成像和定量4D图像分析来测量分生组织中细胞大小变异的来源，然后在计算机模拟中使用这些测量结果来表明，分生组织中看到的均匀细胞大小可能需要协调控制单个细胞中的细胞生长和细胞周期。基因诱导的细胞大小的短暂增加被更频繁的细胞分裂迅速纠正，表明细胞周期被调整以维持细胞大小的稳态。基因改变的细胞大小对组织生长几乎没有影响，但扰乱了器官边界的建立和器官原基的出现。我们的结论是，分生组织细胞积极控制自己的大小，以达到所需的分辨率图案小规模的结构。分生组织中的细胞分裂是不均匀的，细胞生长是异质的模拟表明，生长和细胞周期在单个细胞中是协调的分生组织细胞大小在扰动后迅速校正异常细胞大小不影响生长，但扰动器官边界和出现不同的细胞类型有特征性的大小，但不清楚细胞大小是如何维持的，以及为什么它很重要。Serrano-Mislata等人显示植物分生组织细胞主动保持目标尺寸，这是在发育期间产生精细细节所需的，类似于需要适当的像素尺寸来呈现数字图像中的细节的方式
How cells regulate their dimensions is a long-standing question. In fission and budding yeast, cell-cycle progression depends on cell size, although it is still unclear how size is assessed. In animals, it has been suggested that cell size is modulated primarily by the balance of external signals controlling growth and the cell cycle, although there is evidence of cell-autonomous control in cell cultures. Regardless of whether regulation is external or cell autonomous, the role of cell-size control in the development of multicellular organisms remains unclear. Plants are a convenient system to study this question: the shoot meristem, which continuously provides new cells to form new organs, maintains a population of actively dividing and characteristically small cells for extended periods. Here, we used live imaging and quantitative, 4D image analysis to measure the sources of cell-size variability in the meristem and then used these measurements in computer simulations to show that the uniform cell sizes seen in the meristem likely require coordinated control of cell growth and cell cycle in individual cells. A genetically induced transient increase in cell size was quickly corrected by more frequent cell division, showing that the cell cycle was adjusted to maintain cell-size homeostasis. Genetically altered cell sizes had little effect on tissue growth but perturbed the establishment of organ boundaries and the emergence of organ primordia. We conclude that meristem cells actively control their sizes to achieve the resolution required to pattern small-scale structures. Cell divisions are unequal and cell growth is heterogeneous in the meristem Simulations indicate that growth and cell cycle are coordinated in individual cells Meristem cell sizes are rapidly corrected after perturbation Abnormal cell sizes do not affect growth but perturb organ boundaries and emergence Different cell types have characteristic sizes, but it unclear how cell size is maintained and why it matters. Serrano-Mislata et al. show that plant meristem cells actively maintain a target size, which is required to generate fine detail during development, similar to the way appropriate pixel sizes are needed to render detail in digital images