The residence times of trace elements determined in the surface Arctic Ocean during the 2015 US Arctic GEOTRACES expedition

The residence times of trace elements determined in the surface Arctic Ocean during the 2015 US Arctic GEOTRACES expedition
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2015年美国北极GEOTRACES考察期间测定的微量元素在北冰洋表面的停留时间

DOI:
10.1016/j.marchem.2018.10.011
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发表时间:
2018
期刊:
影响因子:
3
通讯作者:
Shiller, Alan M.
Shiller, Alan M.
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Kadko, David;Aguilar-Islas, Ana;Bolt, Channing;Buck, Clifton S.;Fitzsimmons, Jessica N.;Jensen, Laramie T.;Landing, William M.;Marsay, Christopher M.;Rember, Robert;Shiller, Alan M.

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2015 年美国北极 GEOTRACES 探险期间收集的数据用于估计溶解的微量元素(Fe、Mn、Ni、Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb、V)在地表水中相对于大气沉积的平均停留时间。计算利用混合层微量元素 (TE) 库存、气溶胶溶解度测定以及进入上层海洋的大气微量元素通量的估计。微量元素通量通过 7Be 通量(由海洋 7Be 库存确定)和气溶胶的 TE/7Be 比率的乘积来估算。该方法已在其他地方建立,并通过将 7Be 衍生的 TE 通量与最近沉积的雪中测得的 TE 累积进行比较来进行测试。考虑到在探险期间观测到的雪和气溶胶 TE 浓度的变化性以及观测的有限时间尺度,两种方法之间的一致性是合理的。虽然这些计算中有一些假设,但整个探险路线上相对于大气输入的停留时间分布告诉我们每个元素的额外源或汇。大多数站溶解铁的停留时间约为 20-40 年。然而,一些站显示较长的、海洋学上不一致的表观铁停留时间约为 300-500 年,可能受到跨极漂移 (TPD) 额外输入的影响,该漂移已被证明可以将陆架水特性传递到北极中部。 Cu、Ni 和 Zn 也出现了这种情况。对于这些站,TPD 输送的铁通量约为 10nmol/m2/d,比可溶性大气输入大一个数量级。另一方面,V 和 Pb 在 TPD 水中的表观停留时间减少,表明这些元素已从 TPD 源区域中去除。对于Mn,各站之间的停留时间没有明显的趋势;然而,表观停留时间(400-1400 年)明显大于其他地方大气输入计算的约 20 年,这表明来自其他来源的输入相当可观。有人认为,北冰洋约 90% 的锰输入来自北极河流、陆架沉积物和海岸侵蚀。这里的结果表明,这些来源的通量约为 30nmol/m2/d,明显高于北极大气中锰的输入量。
Data collected during the US Arctic GEOTRACES expedition in 2015 are used to estimate the mean residence time of dissolved trace elements (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, V) in surface water with respect to atmospheric deposition. The calculations utilize mixed layer trace element (TE) inventories, aerosol solubility determinations, and estimates of the atmospheric trace element flux into the upper ocean. The trace element flux is estimated by the product of the7Be flux (determined by the ocean7Be inventory) and the TE/7Be ratio of aerosols. This method has been established elsewhere and is tested here by comparing7Be-derived TE flux to the measured TE accumulation in recently deposited snow. Given the variability in snow and aerosol TE concentration observed over the expedition, and the limited timescale of the observations, agreement between the two methods is reasonable. While there are assumptions in these calculations, the distribution of residence times with respect to atmospheric input across the expedition track informs us of additional sources or sinks for each element. The residence time of dissolved Fe was ~ 20–40 y for most stations. However, several stations that display a longer, oceanographically inconsistent apparent Fe residence time of ~300–500 years are likely influenced by additional input from the Transpolar Drift (TPD), which has been shown to convey shelf water properties to the central Arctic. This was seen for Cu, Ni and Zn as well. The flux of Fe delivered by the TPD was ~ 10 nmol/m2/d for these stations, an order of magnitude greater than the soluble atmospheric input. On the other hand, V and Pb show a decrease in the apparent residence times within TPD water, suggesting removal of these elements from the source region of the TPD. For Mn, there is no obvious trend in residence time among the stations; however the apparent residence time (400–1400 y) is significantly greater than the ~20 y calculated for atmospheric input elsewhere, signifying appreciable input from other sources. It has been suggested that about 90% of Mn input to the Arctic Ocean originates from Arctic rivers, shelf sediments, and coastal erosion. Results here suggest a flux from these sources of ~30 nmol/m2/d which is significantly greater than the atmospheric input of Mn in the Arctic.
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