Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and the Use of Forwarding Operating Bases (FOBs)
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and the Use of Forwarding Operating Bases (FOBs)
复制标题
伊拉克自由行动 (OIF) 和转运作战基地 (FOB) 的使用
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Eugene J. Palka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Eugene J. Palka
全球军事行动可能会使美国陆军的问题变得复杂，因为美国陆军努力确保为其部署的部队提供持续的维护、运输、后勤、医疗和人员支持。自第一次世界大战以来，陆军部署部队一直依赖盟军基地或美国在东道国建立的基地。全球反恐战争 (GWOT) 爆发后不久就发生了重大范式转变，陆军部队必须建立前沿作战基地 (FOB)，以便在远离家乡、条件恶劣和非线性战场上执行任务。前沿作战基地（FOB）是一个相对安全的阵地，位于敌对或严峻地区的前沿，可用于支持战术行动。 FOB 的规模、组成及其支持的活动各不相同。 2003 年 3 月伊拉克自由行动 (OIF) 开始时，大多数美国陆军部队从科威特出发。然而，随着伊斯兰部队的展开，以及部队从科威特-伊拉克边境以北转移到伊拉克各地，在不同地点建立了FOB，以安置、保护和维持部队，并确保对军事和人道主义援助任务的持续支持。 FOB 的位置并不统一，但呈现出与军事任务、叛乱活动水平、前伊拉克基地位置、主要人口中心、经济中心和交通基础设施相关的地理模式。 FOB 在 2003 年至 2011 年的 OIF 过程中发挥了基础性作用，使美国陆军能够从战斗过渡到稳定和支持，并最终过渡到全频谱作战。随着美国军事承诺接近尾声，一些离岸基地被关闭；其他的被改造成不同的用途，还有一些继续作为伊拉克政府重要支持网络的一部分发挥作用。在 OIF 的进程中，一些 FOB 已经成为伊拉克文化景观的持久组成部分（即使不是不可或缺的一部分）。
Global military operations can complicate matters for the U.S. Army as it strives to ensure continuous maintenance, transportation, logistics, medical, and personnel support for its deployed forces. Since World War I, the Army’s deployed units have relied on Allied bases or U.S. bases established in host countries. A major paradigm shift occurred shortly after the onset of the Global War on Terror (GWOT), as Army units had to establish forward operating bases (FOBs) in order to function at great distances from their home bases, under austere conditions, and on non-linear battlefields. A forward operating base (FOB) is a relatively secure position that is located forward in a hostile or austere area and can be used to support tactical operations. FOBs vary in terms of their size, composition, and the activities that they support. At the outset of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) in March 2003, most U.S. Army units staged from Kuwait. As OIF unfolded, however, and units displaced north of the Kuwait-Iraqi border into all parts of Iraq, FOBs were established at various locations to house, protect, and sustain the force and to ensure continuous support of military and humanitarian assistance missions. FOBs were not uniformly located throughout the country, but exhibited a geographic pattern that correlated with military missions, levels of insurgent activity, the locations of former Iraqi bases, major population centers, economic hubs, and transportation infrastructure. FOBs played a fundamental role during the course of OIF from 2003 to 2011, enabling the U.S. Army to transition from combat to stability and support, and eventually, full spectrum operations. As the U.S. military commitment approached its conclusion, some FOBs were closed; others were converted to different uses, and some continue to function as part of a vital support network for the Iraqi government. Superimposed during the course of OIF, some FOBs have become an enduring, if not integral, part of Iraq’s cultural landscape.