Measuring Cellular Immunity to Influenza: Methods of Detection, Applications and Challenges.
Measuring Cellular Immunity to Influenza: Methods of Detection, Applications and Challenges.
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DOI：
10.3390/vaccines3020293
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发表时间：
2015-04-14
期刊：
影响因子：
7.8
通讯作者：
Lambe T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Coughlan L;Lambe T
甲型流感病毒是一种呼吸道病原体，可引起季节性流行病和偶尔的大流行;感染仍然是全世界死亡的重要原因。目前的流感疫苗主要刺激主要针对流感的变体表面抗原的体液免疫应答。疫苗接种可导致有效的、尽管是毒株特异性的抗体应答，并且需要可提供对流感的上级、持久免疫的疫苗。针对保守病毒抗原的疫苗接种方法具有提供针对不同流感病毒的广泛交叉反应性、异亚型免疫的潜力。然而，该领域缺乏关于保护细胞免疫在减少严重流感感染、传播或疾病结果中的相关性的共识。此外，与血清学方法（如标准化血凝抑制试验）不同，试验类型和报告细胞输出的方法仍存在很大程度的差异。长期以来，已知T细胞定向免疫在改善流感感染的严重程度和/或持续时间方面发挥作用，但所需保护性应答的精确表型、幅度和寿命尚不清楚。为了推进通用流感疫苗的开发，跨中心标准化检测以促进临床试验之间的直接比较至关重要。
Influenza A virus is a respiratory pathogen which causes both seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics; infection continues to be a significant cause of mortality worldwide. Current influenza vaccines principally stimulate humoral immune responses that are largely directed towards the variant surface antigens of influenza. Vaccination can result in an effective, albeit strain-specific antibody response and there is a need for vaccines that can provide superior, long-lasting immunity to influenza. Vaccination approaches targeting conserved viral antigens have the potential to provide broadly cross-reactive, heterosubtypic immunity to diverse influenza viruses. However, the field lacks consensus on the correlates of protection for cellular immunity in reducing severe influenza infection, transmission or disease outcome. Furthermore, unlike serological methods such as the standardized haemagglutination inhibition assay, there remains a large degree of variation in both the types of assays and method of reporting cellular outputs. T-cell directed immunity has long been known to play a role in ameliorating the severity and/or duration of influenza infection, but the precise phenotype, magnitude and longevity of the requisite protective response is unclear. In order to progress the development of universal influenza vaccines, it is critical to standardize assays across sites to facilitate direct comparisons between clinical trials.