Sequential oviposition and optimal sex ratios in pollinating fig wasps
Sequential oviposition and optimal sex ratios in pollinating fig wasps
复制标题
授粉无花果黄蜂的顺序产卵和最佳性别比例
DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2311.1996.tb01248.x
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发表时间：
1996
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
S. Compton
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. M. Greeff;S. Compton
母亲产生的最佳后代性别比取决于同性别同胞之间的竞争量（汉密尔顿，1967;克拉克，1978）和母亲与每种性别的亲缘关系（汉密尔顿，1972;赫雷，1985）。在单倍二倍体物种中，交配群体由相关个体组成，出现了两种重要现象：（1）兄弟之间为交配机会而相互竞争，称为局部交配竞争或LMC（汉密尔顿，1967）;（2）同胞交配发生，这导致母亲与女儿的关系比与儿子的关系更近（汉密尔顿，1972; Herre，1985）。由于这两个因素，最佳的性别比例变得更加女性偏见的相关性在当地交配人口的增加。榕小蜂为性比优化模型的检验提供了一个有用的经验系统。它们的用途是由于其自然历史的各个方面，其特征是与无花果属（桑科）植物的互利共生。榕树的花序形状像一个中空的球，里面排列着成百上千的单性花。当雌花准备授粉时，释放出有吸引力的挥发物（Ware等人，1993年）和苞片衬里的孔口（一个苞片衬里的隧道）放松，让雌性黄蜂挤通过（Galil，1977年）。挥发物释放的持续时间和气孔开放与传粉者进入有关。未进入的无花果可以保持吸引力数周，而在单个授粉者进入Ecarica和Eaurea的隐果后，发现它们保持吸引力最多4天（Khadari等人，1995年）。一旦一个或多个携带花粉的交配榕小蜂雌性（foundresses）通过小孔，它们就会到达果实的内腔，在那里它们为无花果花授粉，并在一定比例的胚珠内产卵。雌性的成年寿命很短，只有1-3天（Kuberberg埃塔尔，1988; Compton等人; 1994年），通常在水果中死亡。从第一只黄蜂进入到无花果花变得不适合产卵之间的时间长度尚不清楚。后代在有瘿的胚珠中发育成熟，于是雄蜂出现，在雌蜂的瘿中咬出洞来，
The optimal progeny sex ratio produced by a mother depends on the amount of competition between same sexed sibs (Hamilton, 1967; Clark, 1978) and on the mother’s relatedness to each sex (Hamilton, 1972; Herre, 1985). In haplodiploid species where the mating population is structured in groups of related individuals, two phenomena of importance occur: (1) brothers compete against each other for mating opportunities, referred to as local mating competition or LMC (Hamilton, 1967) and (2) sib-mating occurs, which results in mothers being more related to daughters than sons (Hamilton, 1972; Herre, 1985). Due to these two factors, optimal sex ratios become more female biased as relatedness in the local mating population increases. Agaonine fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae: Agaoninae) have provided a useful empirical system for testing models of sex ratio optimization. Their usefulness is due to various aspects of their natural history, which is characterized by a mutualism with plants of the genus Ficus (Moraceae). Ficus inflorescences are shaped like a hollow ball, lined on the inside with hundreds or thousands of unisexual flowers. When the female flowers are ready to be pollinated, attractive volatiles are released (Ware et af., 1993) and the bracts lining the ostiole (a bract-lined tunnel) loosen to allow the female wasps to squeeze their way through (Galil, 1977). The duration of volatile release and ostiole opening are linked to pollinator entry. Unentered figs can remain attractive for several weeks, whereas after a single pollinator had entered syconia of Ecarica and Eaurea they were found to remain attractive for a maximum of 4 days (Khadari et al., 1995). Once one or more pollen-bearing mated fig wasp females (foundresses) have passed through the ostiole they reach the lumen of the fruit, where they pollinate the fig flowers and lay their eggs inside a proportion of the ovules. Females have a short adult life-span ofjust 1-3 days (Kjellberg etal., 1988; Compton et al.; 1994) and typically die inside the fruit. The length of the period between entry of the first wasp and the fig flowers becoming unsuitable for oviposition is not known. The offspring develop to maturity in the galled ovules, whereupon the male wasps emerge, chew holes in the females’ galls and mate with