The causes and consequences of changes in virulence following pathogen host shifts.
The causes and consequences of changes in virulence following pathogen host shifts.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.ppat.1004728
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发表时间：
2015-03
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Jiggins FM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Longdon B;Hadfield JD;Day JP;Smith SC;McGonigle JE;Cogni R;Cao C;Jiggins FM
新出现的传染病通常是宿主转移的结果，其中病原体来自不同的宿主物种。病毒-病原体对其宿主的伤害-在宿主转移后可能非常高（例如埃博拉病毒，艾滋病毒和SARS），而其他宿主转移可能未被发现，因为它们在新宿主中引起的症状很少。在这里，我们研究如何在宿主物种的毒力不同进行了大型交叉感染实验，使用48种果蝇和RNA病毒。宿主的转移导致了毒力的巨大变化，一些物种的感染是良性的，而另一些物种则迅速死亡。毒力的变化是高度可预测的从主机系统发育，主机集群在不同的分支显示高或低的毒力。高水平的毒力与高病毒载量有关，这可能决定了病毒的传播率。许多新出现的传染病是宿主转移的结果，病原体从另一个物种跳到新的宿主中。病毒-病原体对其宿主造成的伤害-在宿主转移后可能非常高（例如HIV，SAR和埃博拉病毒），而其他宿主转移可能未被发现，因为它们在新宿主中引起的症状很少。我们已经发现，在毒力的变化，主机转移后，可以是非常大的，是高度可预测的从主机系统发育，主机集群在不同的分支显示高或低的毒力。毒力的这些变化是由于病毒载量的变化，因此也是病毒传播潜力的变化。这表明没有明确的规则来预测病原体在新宿主中是否具有毒性。然而，它确实表明一个简单的经验法则可能是，如果病原体在任何给定的宿主物种中引起高水平的毒力，那么它通常会在密切相关的宿主中引起相似水平的毒力。
Emerging infectious diseases are often the result of a host shift, where the pathogen originates from a different host species. Virulence—the harm a pathogen does to its host—can be extremely high following a host shift (for example Ebola, HIV, and SARs), while other host shifts may go undetected as they cause few symptoms in the new host. Here we examine how virulence varies across host species by carrying out a large cross infection experiment using 48 species of Drosophilidae and an RNA virus. Host shifts resulted in dramatic variation in virulence, with benign infections in some species and rapid death in others. The change in virulence was highly predictable from the host phylogeny, with hosts clustering together in distinct clades displaying high or low virulence. High levels of virulence are associated with high viral loads, and this may determine the transmission rate of the virus. Many emerging infectious diseases are the result of a host shift, with the pathogen jumping into the new host from another species. Virulence—the harm a pathogen does to its host—can be extremely high following a host shift (for example HIV, SARs and Ebola), while other host shifts may go undetected as they cause few symptoms in the new host. We have found that variation in virulence following host shifts can be extremely large and were highly predictable from the host phylogeny, with hosts clustering together in distinct clades displaying high or low virulence. These changes in virulence result from changes in viral load, and therefore the transmission potential of the virus. This suggests there is no clear rule to predict whether a pathogen will be virulent in a novel host. However, it does suggest a simple rule of thumb may be that if a pathogen causes high levels of virulence in any given host species, it will typically cause similar levels of virulence in closely related hosts.
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.1999.0869
发表时间：
1999-10-07
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Boots, M;Sasaki, A
通讯作者：
Sasaki, A
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0708559104
发表时间：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0607968104
发表时间：
2007-03-20
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
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通讯作者：
Webb, Campbell O.
DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2012.0196
发表时间：
2013-03-19
期刊：
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
影响因子：
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作者：
Faria NR;Suchard MA;Rambaut A;Streicker DG;Lemey P
通讯作者：
Lemey P
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0710909105
发表时间：
2008-05-27
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
de Roode, Jacobus C.;Yates, Andrew J.;Altizer, Sonia
通讯作者：
Altizer, Sonia