Influences of prior knowledge on selective weighting of category members.
Influences of prior knowledge on selective weighting of category members.
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先验知识对类别成员选择性加权的影响。
DOI：
10.1037//0278-7393.24.3.712
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发表时间：
1998
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Heit,E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Heit,E
三个实验探讨了先前的理论如何影响分类，比较理论一致与理论不一致的类别成员的影响。被试观察对人物的描述，有些与先前知识一致，有些不一致，然后做出迁移判断。在实验1中，受试者有相对较长的时间来学习每个描述，而在实验2中，受试者之间的学习时间受到操纵。在实验3中，学习是由每个主题自定进度。结果发现，在足够的学习时间，先验知识有两个明显的影响。首先，先验知识提供了一个初始的表示，随后根据新的观察结果进行了修改。第二，不一致的观察结果比一致的观察结果对分类有更大的影响。相比之下，当研究时间更有限时，以贝叶斯方式进行修订，因为一致和不一致的观察结果具有相同的影响。
Three experiments addressed how prior theories affect categorization, comparing the influence of theory-congruent versus theory-incongruent category members. Subjects observed descriptions of persons, some congruent with prior knowledge and some incongruent, then made transfer judgments. In Experiment 1, subjects were given a relatively long time to study each description, whereas in Experiment 2 study time was manipulated between subjects. In Experiment 3, learning was self-paced by each subject. It was found that, with enough study time, prior knowledge had 2 distinct influences. First, prior knowledge provided an initial representation, subsequently revised in light of new observations. Second, incongruent observations had more impact than congruent observations on categorization. In comparison, when study time was more limited, revision proceeded in a Bayesian manner, in that congruent and incongruent observations had equal impacts.