Conflicts over industrial tree plantations in the South: Who, how and why?
Conflicts over industrial tree plantations in the South: Who, how and why?
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DOI：
10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.005
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发表时间：
2011-02-01
影响因子：
8.9
通讯作者：
Gerber, Julien-Francois
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gerber, Julien-Francois
用于木材、棕榈油和橡胶生产的工业树木种植园是增长最快的单一种植之一，目前正在作为碳汇和能源生产者进行推广。这种种植园在公司和当地居民之间造成了大量冲突，主要发生在热带和亚热带地区。在政治生态框架内，本文件调查了这类冲突的性质，涉及种植园的所谓影响、所涉抗议者以及冲突的方式，并特别强调了冲突的结果。根据迄今为止最全面的文献审查，对应于58个冲突案例，我发现，抵抗的突出原因与公司对土地的控制导致流离失所和生态系统被单一栽培取代后当地使用的结束有关。抵抗包括“弱者的武器”，范围从对话到直接对抗，从地方到国际。它经常涉及非政府组织，特别是在法律问题上。据报道，几个国家发生了示威、诉讼、道路封锁和树木连根拔起的情况。在分析的案件中，当局的回应是镇压，而民众斗争主要通过赢得诉讼或大规模社会动荡，在约五分之一的案件中阻止了种植园。虽然这些运动可以被视为经典的土地冲突，但它们通常也具有生态内容，对应于“穷人的环保主义”的形式。记录在案的大量此类冲突表明，应该重新评估促进大规模植树造林的政策。(C)2010爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
Industrial tree plantations for wood, palm oil and rubber production are among the fastest growing monocultures and are currently being promoted as carbon sinks and energy producers. Such plantations are causing a large number of conflicts between companies and local populations, mostly in the tropics and subtropics. Within a political ecology framework, the present paper investigates the nature of such conflicts as related to the alleged impacts of the plantations, the protesters involved, and the modalities of the conflicts with a special emphasis on their outcomes. Relying on the most comprehensive literature review to date, corresponding to 58 conflict cases, I find that the prominent cause of resistance is related to corporate control over land resulting in displacements and the end of local uses of ecosystems as they are replaced by monocultures. Resistance includes the "weapons of the weak" and ranges from dialogue to direct confrontation and from local to international. It often involves NGOs, especially for legal issues. Demonstrations, lawsuits, road blockades and tree uprooting have been reported in several countries. Authorities have responded by repression in about half of the cases analysed, while popular struggles have been able to stop plantations in about one fifth, mainly through winning lawsuits or massive social unrest. While these movements can be regarded as classical land conflicts, they usually also have an ecological content, corresponding to forms of the "environmentalism of the poor". The documented large number of such conflicts suggests that policies promoting large-scale tree plantations should be reappraised. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.