Consilience and a hierarchy of species concepts: advances toward closure on the species puzzle.
Consilience and a hierarchy of species concepts: advances toward closure on the species puzzle.
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作者：
R. Mayden
对于生物物种，存在着许多概念。这种思想的多样性来自许多来源，从对特定分类群和字符集的调查性研究，到哲学倾向和世界观，再到操作主义和命名规则。虽然通常被认为适得其反，但实际上，这些不同的概念可以极大地加强我们发现和理解生物多样性的努力。此外，如果在一个等级系统中看待不同的概念，并评估每个概念的内在一致性水平，这种持续的“地盘争夺战”和物种困境可以得到解决。在这一范例下，一个理论上适当的、高度一致的物种概念能够综合丰富的物种多样性类型，为制定和采用确定多样性的次级业务概念提供了最佳指导。在目前公认的所有概念中，只有非运作进化物种概念符合必要的参数，因此应作为适用于该类别物种的理论概念。作为可操作的概念，剩下的想法在涵盖物种多样性的能力方面彼此不相容，因为每一个想法都有关于什么是一个物种的限制性标准。然而，业务概念可以相辅相成，并在进化物种概念下发挥至关重要的作用，作为发现与主要理论概念相一致的多样性所必需的基本工具。因此，拟议的初级和次级概念等级制度既保证了相互尊重各种概念的最有成效的框架，也保证了揭示物种多样性的最有效和最有效的手段。
Numerous concepts exist for biological species. This diversity of ideas derives from a number of sources ranging from investigative study of particular taxa and character sets to philosophical aptitude and world view to operationalism and nomenclatorial rules. While usually viewed as counterproductive, in reality these varied concepts can greatly enhance our efforts to discover and understand biological diversity. Moreover, this continued "turf war" and dilemma over species can be resolved if the various concepts are viewed in a hierarchical system and each evaluated for its inherent level of consilience. Under this paradigm a theoretically appropriate, highly consilient concept of species capable of colligating the abundant types of species diversity offers the best guidance for developing and employing secondary operational concepts for identifying diversity. Of all the concepts currently recognized, only the non-operational Evolutionary Species Concept corresponds to the requisite parameters and, therefore, should serve as the theoretical concept appropriate for the category Species. As operational concepts, the remaining ideas have been incompatible with one another in their ability to encompass species diversity because each has restrictive criteria as to what qualifies as a species. However, the operational concepts can complement one another and do serve a vital role under the Evolutionary Species Concept as fundamental tools necessary for discovering diversity compatible with the primary theoretical concept. Thus, the proposed hierarchical system of primary and secondary concepts promises both the most productive framework for mutual respect for varied concepts and the most efficient and effective means for revealing species diversity.