The new biophilia: an exploration of visions of nature in Western countries
The new biophilia: an exploration of visions of nature in Western countries
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新的自然主义：西方国家自然观的探索
DOI：
10.1017/s0376892901000066
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发表时间：
2001
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
E. Huijsman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. J. G. Born;R. Lenders;W. Groot;E. Huijsman
自然观是许多哲学和政策辩论的主题。然而，本文件侧重于非专业人士对自然的看法，即普通公众的看法。这些愿景构成了环境保护的民主基础，也是专业人士和社区之间就自然保护和管理进行有效双向交流的框架。看来，欧洲和美国的普通公众已经养成了一种强烈的“生物亲和性”(自然友好性)。这方面的一个指标是，在定量研究中，70%-90%的人口认识到自然存在的权利，即使对人类没有任何用处。在定性研究的背景下，外行人展示了对自然的观点和经验的显著丰富和深度。荷兰对自然的形象和价值进行了定量调查，并对儿童在自然中的经历与成人对自然的看法之间的关系进行了深入访谈，进行了定性研究。因子分析揭示了自然类型的分类，其中包括“野生自然”、“荒诞自然”、“穿透性自然”以及其他以野生自然为主导的图像，这些图像被归因于自然程度的平稳下降。当被要求对自然的价值和功能进行排名时，前三名分别是对人类健康的价值、内在价值和对子孙后代的价值。在定性访谈中，有迹象表明，童年时期对自然的强烈体验可能与后来将高度自然性归因于野生自然有关，而不那么强烈的经历可能与后来将高度自然性归因于世俗自然有关。许多重要的经历发生在父母监督之外。这样的发现对环境教育和保护区及其周围的“体验性”设计具有明显的相关性。关于自然保护的社会科学研究往往是由当地人和保护区当局之间的摩擦引发的。这类情况往往以发泄不满、要求经济赔偿等为主，然后这些也往往主导研究结果。远离这些特定的冲突热点，本文讨论的类型的社会科学研究表明，许多非冲突的沟通渠道对自然保护机构是开放的。
Visions of nature are the subject of much philosophical and policy debate. The present paper focuses, however, on the visions of nature held by people not professionally involved in the issue, namely those of the general public. These visions constitute the democratic basis of environmental conservation and the frame for effective two-way communication between professionals and communities on nature protection and management. It appears that the general public in Europe and the USA has developed a strong general ‘biophilia’ (nature-friendliness). One indicator of this is that in quantitative research, 70–90% of the population recognize the right of nature to exist even if not useful to humans in any way. In qualitative research settings, lay people reveal a remarkable richness and depth of views and experiences of nature. A quantitative survey on images and values of nature, and a qualitative study consisting of in-depth interviews on the relationship between childhood experiences in nature and adult visions of nature were conducted in the Netherlands. A factor analysis revealed a classification of types of nature, which included ‘wild nature’, ‘arcadian nature’, ‘penetrative nature’ and other such images that, with wild nature in the lead, were ascribed a smoothly decreasing degree of naturalness. Asked to rank the values and functions of nature, the top three were formed by the value for human health, the intrinsic value and the value for future generations. In the qualitative interviews, indications were found that more intense childhood experiences with nature could be associated with later ascription of a high degree of naturalness to wild nature, and less intense experiences with later ascription of a high degree of naturalness to arcadian nature. Many significant experiences took place beyond the reach of parental supervision. Findings such as these are of obvious relevance for environmental education and the design of ‘experiential nature’ in and around protected areas. Social science research concerning nature protection is often triggered by frictions between local people and protected area authorities. Such situations tend to be dominated by the airing of grievances, demands for economic compensation and so on, and these then also tend to dominate the research findings. Taking place away from these specific hot spots of conflict, social science research of the types discussed in this paper shows that many non-conflictual lines of communication are open for nature protection agencies.