An update on the rod microglia variant in experimental and clinical brain injury and disease.
An update on the rod microglia variant in experimental and clinical brain injury and disease.
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DOI：
10.1093/braincomms/fcaa227
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Lifshitz J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Giordano KR;Denman CR;Dubisch PS;Akhter M;Lifshitz J
当代小胶质细胞的形态包括分叉型、活化型和变形体型，小胶质细胞的形态被认为与细胞功能高度耦合。杆状小胶质细胞是在衰老、受伤和患病的大脑中观察到的另一种激活的小胶质细胞变体。20世纪初，神经病理学家在全身性麻痹、阿尔茨海默病和脑炎的死后病例中经常报道杆状小胶质细胞，然后在近100年的时间里基本上被忽视。最近的报道重新引起了对杆状小胶质细胞的兴趣，尤其是在实验性创伤性脑损伤后。杆状小胶质细胞是由胞体变窄和平面突缩回形成的，这导致了细长的杆状细胞的出现。杆状小胶质细胞最常见于皮层，垂直于硬脑膜表面并毗邻神经元突起；在海马体中，它们与海马体层垂直排列。此外，杆状小胶质细胞相互排列，顶端到基端。通过复制绘制显微观察的过程，杆状小胶质细胞围绕长轴的圆周重新定义。在这篇更新中，我们总结了在临床和实验文献中杆状小胶质细胞的变异，并提倡研究杆状小胶质细胞的起源和功能机制。杆状小胶质细胞是神经损伤和疾病后大脑中被激活的小胶质细胞的一种变体。尽管它们在100多年前就被发现了，但人们对它们的形成、表达或功能知之甚少。需要先进的分子工具来阐明杆状小胶质细胞的作用。
Contemporary microglia morphologies include ramified, activated and amoeboid, with the morphology of microglia considered highly coupled to the cellular function. Rod microglia are an additional activated microglia variant observed in the ageing, injured and diseased brain. Rod microglia were reported frequently in the early 1900s by neuropathologists in post-mortem cases of general paresis, Alzheimer’s disease and encephalitis, and then remained largely ignored for almost 100 years. Recent reports have renewed interest in rod microglia, most notably after experimental traumatic brain injury. Rod microglia are formed by the narrowing of the soma and retraction of planar processes, which results in the appearance of an elongated, rod-shaped cell. Rod microglia are most commonly observed in the cortex, aligned perpendicular to the dural surface and adjacent to neuronal processes; in the hippocampus, they are aligned perpendicular to hippocampal layers. Furthermore, rod microglia form trains with one another, apical end to basal end. By replicating the process of sketching microscopic observation, rod microglia are re-defined by circumnutation around the long axis. In this update, we summarize the rod microglia variant in clinical and experimental literature and advocate for investigation into mechanisms of rod microglia origin and function. Rod microglia are a variant of activated microglia reported in the brain after neurological injury and disease. Despite their discovery over 100 years ago, little is known about their formation, expression, or function. Advanced molecular tools are required to elucidate the role of rod microglia.