High contrast imaging of dental fluorosis in the short wavelength infrared.
High contrast imaging of dental fluorosis in the short wavelength infrared.
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DOI：
10.1002/jbio.202100145
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发表时间：
2021-10
影响因子：
2.8
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由于过量接触环境中的氟化物，氟斑牙是一个日益严重的问题。氟斑牙在牙齿发育过程中会导致牙釉质矿化不足，轻度氟斑牙会在牙齿表面形成微弱的白色线条，而最严重的氟斑牙会导致牙齿表面凹陷。很难量化轻度到中度氟中毒的严重程度，评估仅限于主观视觉检查。在1400 nm以上的短波红外(SWIR)波长下，氟斑牙表现出非常高的对比度，我们推测这些波长可能更适合于检测轻度氟斑牙和评估牙齿表面的严重程度。在这项研究中，使用扩展范围的InGaAs相机和宽带光源，在1300到2150 nm的SWIR波长范围内测量了不同严重程度的氟斑牙在拔除的恒牙上的对比度。在可见光范围内测量对比度，并与定量光诱导荧光(QLF)进行比较。用交叉偏振光学相干层析技术测量了低矿化深度和积分反射率。在1460和1950 nm波长下，次矿化的对比度显著高于1300-2150 nm的可见光、荧光光或其他SWIR波长。交叉偏振光学相干断层扫描(CP-OCT)测量的对比度与低矿化深度的相关性最高的是1950 nm。这项探索1400 nm以上波长的SWIR体外成像研究表明，在1460到2000 nm的SWIR波长下，可以以极高的对比度观察牙齿表面的低矿化，并且SWIR成像在监测牙齿表面的低矿化方面具有巨大的潜力。需要新的临床方法来测量氟中毒，这些方法是有效、可靠和可行的，可以在社区一级进行监测。此外，还需要对体内氟中毒的定量评估方法。
Dental fluorosis is an increasing problem due to over exposure to fluoride from the environment. Fluorosis causes hypomineralization of the enamel during tooth development and mild fluorosis is visible as faint white lines on the tooth surface while the most severe fluorosis can result in pitted surfaces. It is difficult to quantify the severity of mild to moderate fluorosis and assessments are limited to subjective visual examinations. Dental fluorosis appears with very high contrast at short wavelength infrared (SWIR) wavelengths beyond 1400 nm and we hypothesize that these wavelengths may be better suited for detecting mild fluorosis and for estimating the severity on tooth surfaces. In this study, the contrast of fluorosis of varying severity on extracted human permanent teeth was measured at SWIR wavelengths ranging from 1300 to 2150 nm using an extended range of InGaAs camera and broadband light sources. The contrast was also measured in the visible range and with quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) for comparison. The depth of hypomineralization and the integrated reflectivity were also measured with cross-polarization optical coherence tomography. The contrast of hypomineralization is significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 1460 and 1950 nm wavelengths than for the visible, fluorescence or other SWIR wavelengths from 1300 to 2150 nm. The highest correlation of the contrast with the depth of hypomineralization measured with cross-polarization-optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT) was at 1950 nm. This SWIR in vitro imaging study exploring wavelengths beyond 1400 nm has shown that hypomineralization on tooth surfaces can be viewed with extremely high contrast at SWIR wavelengths from 1460 to 2000 nm and that SWIR imaging has great potential for monitoring hypomineralization on tooth surfaces. New clinical methods are needed for the measurement of fluorosis that are valid, reliable, and feasible for surveillance at the community level. In addition, methods are needed for the quantitative assessment of fluorosis in vivo.