Perceiving a Stable Environment
Perceiving a Stable Environment
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感知稳定的环境
DOI：
10.1038/scientificamerican0585-118
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发表时间：
1985
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
H. Wallach
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Wallach
当观察者在其中移动时，世界围绕着他移动，当他接近一个物体时，世界在他的视野内扩大;当他经过一个物体时，世界随着他的位置的变化而转动。头部的转动或点头会改变周围环境的方向;眼球的运动会改变投射在视网膜上的世界图像。然而，我们通常没有意识到我们自己的活动所促成的环境运动。是什么机制使我们能够低估我们自己运动的影响，并认为环境是稳定的？在12年的研究中，我和其他工人发现了优雅而精确的薪酬流程。当观察者转动他的头时，他看到的是一个静止的场景，但如果环境实际上在他周围旋转，而他不动，他就会认为环境是运动的。可以想象，这种倾向反映了知觉阻滞年龄，由来自十个顿部、关节和前庭或gans的指示身体运动的信号触发。有人可能会提出，在存在这种前感受信息的情况下，任何对环境运动的感知都被排除了。这种想法很容易被驳回。一个戴着眼镜的人，当他转动他的头时，环境的方向会发生变化，至少在一开始，他会敏锐地意识到周围环境的运动。同样，一个向前走的主体面对一面与眼睛齐平的大镜子时，会感觉到他身后环境的反射在缩小或后退。位移的大小相等，虽然方向相反，当观察者向前移动时，通常发生在观察者前面的位移，但是，正常的位移没有被感知到，主体生动地意识到镜子中场景的异常运动。一个匡威的例子也证明了本体感受输入在-
The world shifts around an ob server as he moves through it. As he approaches an object it ex pands within his field of view; as he passes an object it turns with respect to his changing position. A turn or nod of the head alters the orientation of the surroundings; eye movements shift the image of the world that is projected on the retina. Yet we are ordinarily not aware of the environmental motions precipitated by our own activity. What mechanisms enable us to discount the effects of our own movement and per ceive the environment as being stable? In 12 years of research other workers and I have uncovered elegant and pre cise compensation processes. An observer sees a stationary scene when he turns his head but would per ceive the environment as moving if it actually revolved around him while he was motionless. Conceivably such tendencies reflect a perceptual block age, triggered by signals that indicate body movement arriving from the ten dons, the joints and the vestibular or gans. One might propose that any per ception of environmental motion is ruled out in the presence of such pro prioceptive information. The notion is easily dismissed. A subject wearing glasses that reverse the direction in which the environment shifts as he turns his head will, at least at first, be acutely conscious of motion in his surroundings. Similarly, a sub ject who walks forward while facing a large mirror held at eye level will perceive the reflections of the environ ment behind him as shrinking or re ceding. The displacements are equal in magnitude, although opposite in di rection, to those that ordinarily occur ahead of an observer as he moves for ward, but whereas the normal dis placements go unperceived, the sub ject is vividly aware of the abnormal motions of the scene in the mirror. A converse instance also demon strates that proprioceptive inputs in-