Trust, Gullibility, and Social Intelligence
Trust, Gullibility, and Social Intelligence
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信任、轻信和社交智力
DOI：
10.1111/1467-839x.00030
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发表时间：
1999
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
M. Kosugi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Yamagishi;Masako Kikuchi;M. Kosugi
Yamagishi和他的同事们在日本进行的一系列实验都一致表明，高信任者(用一般信任量表衡量)比低信任者对可能揭示他人缺乏可信度的信息更敏感，并在一次性囚徒困境中更准确地判断其他人的选择。在此基础上，对Yamagishi&Yamagishi(1994)最初提出的“信任解放理论”提出了一个新的理论转折，该理论强调了信任的关系扩展作用，以及传统上所关注的信任的关系强化作用。当保持承诺关系的机会成本普遍较高时，更有利的做法是不保持安全稳定的承诺关系，而是探索外部的机会，但这种社会探索包含被不值得信任的人利用的风险。因此，投资“认知资源”培养“社会智力”是一种更有利可图的策略，而“社会智力”是检测不值得信赖的信号所必需的。一般信任可以被认为是这种社会智力发展的副产品。那些投资于社交智力发展的人有能力维持高度的普遍信任，而那些没有投资的人则被鼓励认为“每个人都是小偷”，避免追逐潜在的有利可图但有风险的外部机会。
A series of experiments conducted in Japan by Yamagishi and his associates are presented, all consistently showing that high trusters (as measured with a general trust scale) are more sensitive than low trusters to information potentially revealing lack of trustworthiness in others and judge other people’s choice in a one-shot prisoner’s dilemma more accurately. Based on these findings, a new theoretical twist is introduced to the ‘‘emancipation theory of trust’’ originally proposed by Yamagishi & Yamagishi (1994), that emphasizes the relationexpansion role of trust in addition to the traditionally noticed relationfortification role of trust. When opportunity cost for staying in a commitment relation is generally high, it is more advantageous not to stay in secure and stable commitment relations but to explore opportunities that lie outside, and yet such social exploration involves the risk of being exploited by untrustworthy people. It is thus a more gainful strategy to invest ‘‘cognitive resources’’ in the nurturing of ‘‘social intelligence’’ needed to detect signals of untrustworthiness. General trust may be conceived as a by-product of the development of such social intelligence. Those who have invested in the development of social intelligence can afford to maintain a high level of general trust, whereas those who have not are encouraged to assume that ‘‘everyone is a thief’’ and to refrain from pursuing potentially lucrative but risky outside opportunities.