Bright spots among the world's coral reefs
Bright spots among the world's coral reefs
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DOI：
10.1038/nature18607
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发表时间：
2016-07-21
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Mouillot, David
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cinner, Joshua E.;Huchery, Cindy;Mouillot, David
世界珊瑚礁的结构和功能持续下降（1，2），需要新的方法来维持这些生态系统和数百万依赖它们的人（3）。目前尚未探索的方法借鉴了人类健康和农村发展的理论和实践（4，5），即系统地识别和学习“局外人”-考虑到生态系统所面临的环境条件和社会经济驱动因素，生态系统比预期的要好（“亮点”）或差（“暗点”）的地方。在这里，我们收集了来自全球2,500多个珊瑚礁的数据，并开发了一个贝叶斯分层模型，以预测珊瑚礁鱼类生物量的现存量与18个社会经济驱动因素和环境条件的关系。我们在对珊瑚礁的全球调查中确定了15个亮点和35个暗点，这些暗点被定义为生物量水平与预期相差两个标准差以上的地点。重要的是，亮点不仅仅是由捕捞压力低的偏远地区组成;它们还包括人口和生态系统资源利用率高的地区，这可能有助于了解社区如何成功应对强大的变化驱动因素。相反，暗点不一定是绝对生物量最低的地点，甚至包括一些偏远的无人居住的地方，通常被认为接近原始状态。我们调查了当地专家对这些网站的社会，制度和环境条件，揭示亮点的特点是强大的社会文化机构，如习俗禁忌和海洋保有权，高水平的地方参与管理，高度依赖海洋资源，以及有利的环境条件，如深水避难所。另外，暗点的特点是密集的捕获和储存技术以及最近的环境冲击史。我们的研究结果表明，投资加强渔业治理，特别是参与和产权等方面，可以促进创新的保护行动，帮助社区无视全球珊瑚礁退化的预期。
Ongoing declines in the structure and function of the world's coral reefs(1,2) require novel approaches to sustain these ecosystems and the millions of people who depend on them(3). A presently unexplored approach that draws on theory and practice in human health and rural development(4,5) is to systematically identify and learn from the 'outliers'-places where ecosystems are substantially better ('bright spots') or worse ('dark spots') than expected, given the environmental conditions and socioeconomic drivers they are exposed to. Here we compile data from more than 2,500 reefs worldwide and develop a Bayesian hierarchical model to generate expectations of how standing stocks of reef fish biomass are related to 18 socioeconomic drivers and environmental conditions. We identify 15 bright spots and 35 dark spots among our global survey of coral reefs, defined as sites that have biomass levels more than two standard deviations from expectations. Importantly, bright spots are not simply comprised of remote areas with low fishing pressure; they include localities where human populations and use of ecosystem resources is high, potentially providing insights into how communities have successfully confronted strong drivers of change. Conversely, dark spots are not necessarily the sites with the lowest absolute biomass and even include some remote, uninhabited locations often considered near pristine(6). We surveyed local experts about social, institutional, and environmental conditions at these sites to reveal that bright spots are characterized by strong sociocultural institutions such as customary taboos and marine tenure, high levels of local engagement in management, high dependence on marine resources, and beneficial environmental conditions such as deep-water refuges. Alternatively, dark spots are characterized by intensive capture and storage technology and a recent history of environmental shocks. Our results suggest that investments in strengthening fisheries governance, particularly aspects such as participation and property rights, could facilitate innovative conservation actions that help communities defy expectations of global reef degradation.