The ecological, economic, and social importance of the oceans
The ecological, economic, and social importance of the oceans
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DOI：
10.1016/s0921-8009(99)00079-8
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发表时间：
1999-11-01
影响因子：
7
通讯作者：
Costanza, R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Costanza, R
长期以来，海洋一直被认为是人类最重要的自然资源之一。它们的广阔使它们看起来像是无限的食物、交通、娱乐和敬畏的来源。对它们进行围栏和监管的困难使它们在很大程度上成为开放获取的资源，任何有能力的人都可以利用它们。然而，近来我们已开始达到海洋的极限，现在必须开始以更可持续的方式利用和管理海洋。本文件概述了关于海洋在生态、经济和社会方面相互关联的重要性以及关于建立可持续治理机构的新信息。除了作为初级和次级生产以及生物多样性来源的传统重要性外，海洋在全球物质和能源循环中的重要性现在开始得到更好的认识。全球海洋-大气-陆地生物圈系统的综合模型揭示了海洋在大气气体和气候调节以及水、养分和废物循环方面的关键作用。最近对销售和非销售的海洋生态系统服务的经济价值的估计表明，上述功能加上原材料、娱乐和文化服务对人类福祉作出了巨大贡献。据估计，海洋每年为人类福祉贡献的总额约为21万亿美元（而全球国民生产总值约为25万亿美元），其中约60%来自沿海和大陆架系统，其余40%来自公海。海洋贡献了生物圈总经济价值的60%（Costanza等人，1997.世界生态系统服务和自然资本的价值。Nature 387，253-260）。海洋对于全球运输和作为许多沿海国家文化中的一个统一因素的社会重要性怎么估计都不过分。然而，开放获取的文化传统必须被更适当的产权制度和治理结构所取代。简要讨论了一些替代的可持续治理想法，强调需要扩大审议进程，以形成可持续利用海洋的共同愿景。(C)1999 Elsevier Science B. V.保留所有权利。
The oceans have long been recognized as one of humanity's most important natural resources. Their vastness has made them appear to be limitless sources of food, transportation, recreation, and awe. The difficulty of fencing and policing them has left them largely as open access resources to be exploited by anyone with the means. However, in recent times we have begun to reach the limits of the oceans and must now begin to utilize and govern them in a more sustainable way. This paper summarizes emerging information on the interrelated ecological, economic, and social importance of the oceans, and on developing institutions for their sustainable governance. In addition to their traditional importance as sources of primary and secondary production, and biodiversiy, the importance of the oceans in global material and energy cycles is now beginning to be better appreciated. Integrated models of the global ocean-atmosphere-terrestrial biosphere system reveal the critical role of the oceans in atmospheric gas and climate regulation, and for water, nutrient, and waste cycling. Recent estimates of the economic value of the marketed and non-marketed ecosystem services of the oceans indicate a huge contribution to human welfare from the functions mentioned above plus raw materials, recreational, and cultural services. The oceans have been estimated to contribute a total of similar to 21 trillion US$/year to human welfare (compared with a global GNP of similar to 25 trillion US$), with similar to 60% of this from coastal and shelf systems and the other 40% from the open ocean. and with the oceans contributing similar to 60% of the total economic value of the biosphere (Costanza et al., 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253-260). The social importance of the oceans for global transportation and as a unifying element in the cultures of many coastal countries cannot be overestimated. However, the cultural traditions of open access must be replaced with more appropriate property rights regimes and governance structures. Some alternative sustainable governance ideas are briefly discussed, emphasizing the need for an expanded deliberative process to develop a shared vision of a sustainable use of oceans. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.