Trade-driven extinctions and near-extinctions of avian taxa in Sundaic Indonesia
Trade-driven extinctions and near-extinctions of avian taxa in Sundaic Indonesia
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
J. Eaton;C. Shepherd;F. Rheindt;S. V. B. J. B. C. HARRIS-S.-V.-B.-J.-B.-C.-HARRIS-2099469820;D. Wilcove
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作者：
J. Eaton;C. Shepherd;F. Rheindt;S. V. B. J. B. C. HARRIS-S.-V.-B.-J.-B.-C.-HARRIS-2099469820;D. Wilcove
人们越来越担心商业贸易（宠物、食品、装饰品和药品）对东南亚动物种群的影响，以及由此导致的物种数量濒临灭绝（Nijman 2010，Duckworth et al. 2012）。由于非法和/或不可持续的合法贸易对它们施加的压力，再加上不受控制的需求、薄弱的立法、松懈的执法、机构的冷漠和系统性的腐败，从鱼类到哺乳动物的许多脊椎动物类群在野外的数量正在严重下降（Nijman 2010）。据报道，鸟类是高级动物中贸易量最大的（Bush et al. 2014），印度尼西亚拥有悠久的鸟类饲养传统（Jepson & Ladle 2005），其高水平的生物多样性已经面临栖息地丧失的巨大压力（Myers et al. 2000），拥有数量最多的全球受威胁鸟类物种，其中贸易被登记为重大威胁 — — 28 种，巴西紧随其后，为 24 种，中国为 18 种（A.赛姆斯在 利特。 2015）。近年来，已经采取了一些初步措施来记录印度尼西亚 Sundaic 鸟类贸易的规模（Jepson & Ladle 2005，Chng 等人 2015）及其对某些物种的影响（Shepherd 2006, 2007, 2011，Chng 等人 2015，Harris 等人 2015，Shepherd 等人 2015），并提供防范措施通过建立前线，其中一些物种灭绝 原地繁殖种群（Collar 等人，2012 年；Owen 等人，2014 年）。这些举措本质上基本上是临时性的，异地工作尤其受到警报和机遇的推动，其中大部分是由现在所谓的受威胁亚洲鸣禽联盟（TASA）领导的，该联盟是欧洲动物园和水族馆协会（EAZA）的正式机构。因此，在这里，我们寻求收集和评估证据，以概述贸易对印度尼西亚桑代克鸟类类群的生存威胁有多么严重。
There is growing concern over the impact of commercial trade (for pets, food, ornaments and medicines) on animal populations in South-East Asia, and over the number of species being pushed towards extinction as a consequence (Nijman 2010, Duckworth et al. 2012). Populations of numerous vertebrate taxa from fish to mammals are in serious decline in the wild owing to the pressure exerted on them by illegal and/or unsustainable legal trade, compounded by unchecked demand, weak legislation, lax enforcement, institutional indifference and systemic corruption (Nijman 2010). Birds are reportedly the most traded among the higher classes of animals (Bush et al. 2014), and Indonesia, with its long tradition of bird-keeping (Jepson & Ladle 2005) and its high levels of biological diversity already under great pressure from habitat loss (Myers et al. 2000), holds the greatest number of globally threatened bird species for which trade is registered as a significant threat—28, with Brazil following at 24 and China at 18 (A. Symes in litt. 2015). In recent years some first steps have been taken to document the scale of the bird trade in Sundaic Indonesia (Jepson & Ladle 2005, Chng et al. 2015) and its impact on some species (Shepherd 2006, 2007, 2011, Chng et al. 2015, Harris et al. 2015, Shepherd et al. 2015), as well as to provide a safeguard against the extinction of some of these species through the establishment of ex situ breeding populations (Collar et al. 2012, Owen et al. 2014). These initiatives have been largely extemporary in nature, with the ex situ work in particular driven by alarm and opportunity, much of it led by what is now called the Threatened Asian Songbird Alliance (TASA), operating as a formal body of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). Here, therefore, we seek to assemble and assess the evidence to provide an overview of how serious trade is as an existential threat to avian taxa in Sundaic Indonesia.