Observed and Modeled Mountain Waves from the Surface to the Mesosphere Near the Drake Passage
Observed and Modeled Mountain Waves from the Surface to the Mesosphere Near the Drake Passage
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DOI：
10.1175/jas-d-21-0252.1
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发表时间：
2022-01
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
C. Kruse;M. J. Alexander;L. Hoffmann;A. Niekerk;I. Polichtchouk;J. Bacmeister;L. Holt;R. Plougonven;Petr;ácha;C. Wright;Kaoru Sato;R. Shibuya;S. Gisinger;C. Meyer;Olaf STEINb
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文献类型：
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作者：
C. Kruse;M. J. Alexander;L. Hoffmann;A. Niekerk;I. Polichtchouk;J. Bacmeister;L. Holt;R. Plougonven;Petr;ácha;C. Wright;Kaoru Sato;R. Shibuya;S. Gisinger;C. Meyer;Olaf STEINb
利用四个最先进的科学数值天气预报（NWP）模式对2010年德雷克海峡10天的山波（MW）进行了解析后抛，并观测了许多MW案例。综合预报系统（IFS）和二十面体非流体静力（ICON）模式在全球Δx≈9和13 km处运行。天气研究与预报（WRF）模式和气象局统一模式（UM）都配置了Δx = 3公里的区域域。所有区域的顶部都在1 Pa （z≈80 km）附近。这些深域允许对大气红外探测仪（AIRS）观测进行定量验证，考虑到观测时间、观测几何形状和辐射传输。所有模式都以出色的技巧再现了观测到的中大气mw。提高水平分辨率，改进验证。尽管如此，即使在考虑了模式有效分辨率和仪器噪声之后，所有模式仍未充分代表观测到的毫瓦振幅，这表明即使在Δx≈3 km分辨率下，小尺度毫瓦也未得到充分分辨率和/或过度扩散。在目前运行分辨率Δx≈10 km的NWP模型中，MWdrag参数化仍然是必要的。在运行配置模式中，上层GW海绵层显著人为地降低了上层平流层和中间层的MW振幅。在IFS中，参数化的GW阻力部分补偿了这一缺陷，但总阻力仍比Δx≈3 km处解决的阻力小约6倍。经向传播的MWs显著增强了德雷克海峡上空的纬向阻力。有趣的是，与纬向动量（即）的经向通量相关的阻力很重要；如果不考虑这些因素，就会导致在极夜急流的上方和下方产生错误方向的阻力。
Four state-of-the-science numerical weather prediction (NWP) models were used to perform mountain wave- (MW) resolving hind-casts over the Drake Passage of a 10-day period in 2010 with numerous observed MW cases. The Integrated Forecast System (IFS) and the Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model were run at Δx ≈ 9 and 13 km globally. TheWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Met Office Unified Model (UM) were both configured with a Δx = 3 km regional domain. All domains had tops near 1 Pa (z ≈ 80 km). These deep domains allowed quantitative validation against Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) observations, accounting for observation time, viewing geometry, and radiative transfer. All models reproduced observed middle-atmosphere MWs with remarkable skill. Increased horizontal resolution improved validations. Still, all models underrepresented observed MW amplitudes, even after accounting for model effective resolution and instrument noise, suggesting even at Δx ≈ 3 km resolution, small-scale MWs are under-resolved and/or over-diffused. MWdrag parameterizations are still necessary in NWP models at current operational resolutions of Δx ≈ 10 km. Upper GW sponge layers in the operationally configured models significantly, artificially reduced MW amplitudes in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. In the IFS, parameterized GW drags partly compensated this deficiency, but still, total drags were ≈ 6 time smaller than that resolved at Δx ≈ 3 km. Meridionally propagating MWs significantly enhance zonal drag over the Drake Passage. Interestingly, drag associated with meridional fluxes of zonal momentum (i.e. ) were important; not accounting for these terms results in a drag in the wrong direction at and below the polar night jet.