Particulate matter exposure during domestic work in Nepal
Particulate matter exposure during domestic work in Nepal
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DOI：
10.1093/annhyg/men026
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发表时间：
2008-08-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Ayres, Jon G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kurmi, Om P.;Semple, Sean;Ayres, Jon G.
目的：测量尼泊尔城市和农村从事家务劳动（即居民做家务，而不是有报酬的工作）的人接触颗粒物（PM）的情况，以及农村地区接触生物质烟雾的情况，并检查光度测量装置在收集这些数据方面的性能。本文详细介绍了这些测量的结果，并推导出校准因子为两个光度测量设备相比，重量measures.Methods：2006年4月至2007年2月，呼吸性粉尘和PM2.5水平进行了测量，在24小时内，在490个家庭的范围内的城市和农村设置在尼泊尔的加德满都山谷。采样进行了光度和重量的方法，用于获得一个校准因子的光度measurements.Results：时间加权平均（TWA）（24小时）的重量采样器测量的呼吸性粉尘水平范围从13至2600 μ g m（-3）在农村设置和3至110 μ g m（-3）在城市设置。同处一地的光度计和重量计表明，SidePak个人气溶胶监测仪设备对农村和城市数据分别需要0.48和0.51的校准系数，而DustTrak设备对农村和城市环境分别需要0.31和0.35的校准系数，以校正生物质烟雾的颗粒大小和密度。光度计设备提供PM浓度水平的时间历史数据，一般表明两个不同的峰值左右的早晨和傍晚cookingtime.Conclusions：那些参与国内工作在尼泊尔农村暴露于平均吸入性粉尘浓度类似于1400 μ g m（-3）。转换为8小时TWA，这相当于超过目前英国对可吸入粉尘的限制（4000 μ g m（-3））。家庭主妇，主要是妇女，在这些高可吸入粉尘浓度的室内度过了大部分的生活，这些暴露很可能产生呼吸道疾病。可以通过使用不同类型的燃料和/或使用烟道炉来控制接触。
Aims: To measure particulate matter (PM) exposure of people involved in domestic work (i.e. housework by a resident, not paid work) in urban and rural Nepal, with exposure to biomass smoke in the rural areas, and to examine the performance of photometric devices in collecting these data. This paper details the results of these measurements and derives calibration factors for two photometric devices compared to gravimetric measures.Methods: Between April 2006 and February 2007, respirable dust and PM2.5 levels were measured over a 24-h period in 490 households in a range of urban and rural settings in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal. Sampling was carried out by photometric and gravimetric methods with the co-located gravimetric data used to derive a calibration factor for the photometric devices.Results: The time-weighted average (TWA) (24 h) respirable dust levels measured by gravimetric sampler ranged from 13 to 2600 mu g m(-3) in the rural settings and 3 to 110 mu g m(-3) in the urban settings. The co-located photometric and gravimetric devices indicate that the SidePak Personal Aerosol Monitor device required a calibration factor of 0.48 and 0.51 for rural and urban data, respectively, whereas the DustTrak device required a factor of 0.31 and 0.35 for rural and urban settings to correct for the particle size and density of the biomass smoke. The photometric devices provide time history data on PM concentration levels and generally indicate two distinct peaks around a morning and early evening cooking time.Conclusions: Those involved in domestic work in rural Nepal are exposed to average respirable dust concentrations of similar to 1400 mu g m(-3). Converted to an 8-h TWA, this equates to more than the current UK limit for respirable dust (4000 mu g m(-3)). Homemakers, primarily women, spend a large proportion of their lives indoors in these high respirable dust concentrations and these exposures are likely to produce respiratory illness. Exposure can be controlled by the use of different fuel types and/or the use of flued stoves.