Linguistic Outcomes of Language Contact
Linguistic Outcomes of Language Contact
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语言接触的语言结果
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
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通讯作者：
Gillian Sankoff
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作者：
In Peter Trudgill;J. Chambers;N Schilling;Gillian Sankoff
1.0 1.在21世纪初，世界上几乎每个国家都存在语言少数群体，这些群体的出现既有移民的原因，也有通过采用-经常是但不总是-当地人以前不讲的语言的原因。尽管这导致了数百例语言丧失和语言多样性减少（如本卷Wolfram章节所述），但语言接触是世界各地数亿人日常生活社会结构的一部分。这些不同的历史和当代社会进程在多大程度上产生了不同的语言结果？这里的关键点，几乎太明显了，也许值得一提的是，双语者所说的语言经常被改变，以至于随之而来的变化不同于单语语言社区内部变化过程的结果。换句话说，双语者所讲的语言以各种方式相互影响。本章的目的是回顾社会语言学致力于理解“接触”语言发生了什么的工作，即，由双语者讲（Weinreich 1968）。本节中的其他章节（布里顿关于扩散，克斯威尔关于柯尼化）讨论的是更密切相关的言语变体之间的联系。然而，在这些情况下，一些相同的过程也会被视为跨语言边界的操作-小舌（r）在一些欧洲语言中的扩散就是一个众所周知的例子（Trudgill 1974 a;也可参见Tristram 1995）。在这篇评论中，我将集中于研究，继Weinreich，（1）采取的言语社区，而不是个人，作为其视角;（2）关注的语言接触的结果;（3），并试图阐明多样性的社会结构内部的言语社区。这最后一个标准源于Weinreich，Labov和Herzog（1968）的论证，即共时和历时语言学可以在认识到共时变化和持续变化之间关系的视角内得到调和。[1]本章的工作标题是“中介语“，这个术语出现于20世纪70年代初的第二语言习得研究（以下简称二语习得）中，例如，在Weinreich的工作中，虽然干扰是作为一个中性术语引入的：“那些偏离双语者言语中的语言规范的情况，如...
1.0 INTRODUCTION In virtually every country in the world at the inception of the 21 st century, linguistic minorities can be found. These have arisen both through immigration and through the adoption – often, but not always, imposition – of languages not previously not spoken by local populations. Though this has led in hundreds of cases to language loss and to a reduction of linguistic diversity (as documented in the Wolfram chapter in this volume), language contact is part of the social fabric of everyday life for hundreds of millions of people the world over. To what extent have these different historical and contemporary social processes produced different linguistic outcomes? The crucial point here, almost too obvious perhaps to merit stating, is that languages spoken by bilinguals are often altered such that ensuing changes differ from the results of internal processes of change within monolingual speech communities. In other words, languages spoken by bilinguals influence each other in various ways. The goal of this chapter is to review work in sociolinguistics devoted to understanding what has happened to languages " in contact " , i.e., spoken by bilinguals (Weinreich 1968). The other chapters in this section (by Britten on diffusion and Kerswill on koineization) deal with contact among speech varieties that are more closely related. However, some of the same processes involved in these cases will also be seen to operate across language boundaries – the diffusion of uvular (r) in a number of European languages is one well-known example (Trudgill 1974a; see also Tristram 1995). In this review, I will concentrate on research that, following Weinreich, (1) takes the speech community, rather than the individual, as its angle of vision; (2) focuses on the linguistic results of contact; and (3) and seeks to elucidate the social structuring of diversity internal to the speech community. This last criterion stems from the demonstration of Weinreich, Labov & Herzog (1968) that synchronic and diachronic linguistics can be reconciled within a perspective that recognizes the relationship between synchronic variation and ongoing change. 1 The working title of this chapter was " interlanguage " , a term that emerged in the early 1970s in studies of second language acquisition (henceforth, SLA), in work by, e.g. Although interference was introduced by Weinreich as a neutral term: " those instances of deviation from the norms of either language which occur in the speech of bilinguals as …