Nicotine reinforcement in never-smokers.
Nicotine reinforcement in never-smokers.
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DOI：
10.1007/s00213-015-4053-4
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发表时间：
2015-12
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Griffiths RR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Duke AN;Johnson MW;Reissig CJ;Griffiths RR
全球与烟草有关的死亡率使所有其他药物的死亡率相形见绌。尼古丁被认为是烟草使用和上瘾的主要原因。然而，尼古丁在非人类中是一种相对较弱且不一致的强化剂，尼古丁的强化作用尚未在从不吸烟的人身上得到证实。本研究调查了尼古丁对不吸烟者的歧视性、主观性和强化效应。18名从不吸烟的人（终生尼古丁暴露量小于50）参加了一项双盲研究。在药物鉴别阶段，志愿者至少间隔2小时服用口服尼古丁和安慰剂胶囊（准随机顺序），并在每天的疗程中重复评估摄入后2小时的主观效果。每10个疗程持续进行，直到获得显著的区分（p≤0.05，二项检验；≥8 / 10）。在区分之后，通过让志愿者选择每天服用哪种胶囊来测试尼古丁的选择。连续进行10个疗程，直到尼古丁或安慰剂的选择在每个志愿者中达到显著性（10个疗程中≥8个）。所有18名志愿者都能明显区分尼古丁和安慰剂；最低鉴别剂量为1.0 ~ 4.0 mg/70kg。9名志愿者显著选择尼古丁（选择者），9名志愿者显著选择安慰剂（尼古丁回避者）。选择者主要报告了尼古丁的积极主观影响（例如，警觉/专注，良好的影响，喜欢），而回避者倾向于报告消极影响（例如，头晕，胃部不适，不喜欢）。选择者和回避者都把他们的选择归因于药物作用的质量性质。这些结果首次证明，尼古丁可以在一些从不吸烟的人身上起到强化作用。
Global tobacco-related mortality dwarfs that of all other drugs. Nicotine is believed to be the primary agent responsible for tobacco use and addiction. However, nicotine is a relatively weak and inconsistent reinforcer in nonhumans and nicotine reinforcement has not been demonstrated in never-smokers. This study investigated the discriminative, subjective, and reinforcing effects of nicotine in never-smokers. Eighteen never-smokers (<50 lifetime nicotine exposures) participated in a double-blind study. During a drug discrimination phase, volunteers ingested oral nicotine and placebo capsules (quasi-random order) at least 2 hours apart and rated subjective effects repeatedly for 2 hours after ingestion in daily sessions. Blocks of 10 sessions were continued until significant discrimination was achieved (p≤.05, binomial test; ≥8 of 10). Following discrimination, nicotine choice was tested by having volunteers choose which capsule set to ingest on each daily session. Successive blocks of 10 sessions were conducted until choice for nicotine or placebo met significance within each volunteer (≥8 of 10 sessions). All 18 volunteers significantly discriminated nicotine from placebo; the lowest dose discriminated ranged from 1.0–4.0 mg/70kg. Nine volunteers significantly chose nicotine (choosers) and nine significantly chose placebo (nicotine avoiders). The choosers reported predominately positive nicotine subjective effects (e.g., alert/attentive, good effects, liking), while avoiders tended to report negative effects (e.g., dizzy, upset stomach, disliking). Both choosers and avoiders attributed their choice to the qualitative nature of drug effects. These results provide the first evidence that nicotine can function as a reinforcer in some never-smokers.