U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Valuation of Surface Water Quality Improvements
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Valuation of Surface Water Quality Improvements
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DOI：
10.1093/reep/rer025
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发表时间：
2012-12-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Wheeler, William
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Griffiths, Charles;Klemick, Heather;Wheeler, William
自1982年以来，美国环境保护署（U.S. Environmental Protection Agency）一直使用效益-成本分析来评估其许多地表水质量法规。早期的法规旨在控制常规和有毒污染物，这些污染物与非常明显的水质问题直接相关。最近的法规侧重于“非常规”水质压力源或水质中更微妙的差异。虽然多年来已经使用了许多全国范围的水质模型，但对经济模型的探索却很少。本文解决了在评估水质改善效益时特别具有挑战性的三个问题：确定水质改善的标准化措施，测量生态保护和恢复带来的效益，以及测量非使用效益。
Since 1982, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has used benefit-cost analysis to evaluate many of its surface water quality regulations. Early regulations were aimed at controlling conventional and toxic pollutants that were directly linked to highly visible water quality problems. More recent regulations have focused on "unconventional" water quality stressors or more subtle distinctions in water quality. While a number of national-scale water quality models have been used over the years, there has been less exploration of economic models to estimate benefits. This article addresses three issues that have been particularly challenging in estimating the benefits from water quality improvement: defining standardized measures of water quality improvement, measuring benefits arising from ecological protection and restoration, and measuring nonuse benefits.