MOVEMENT, POSTURE AND EQUILIBRIUM - INTERACTION AND COORDINATION
MOVEMENT, POSTURE AND EQUILIBRIUM - INTERACTION AND COORDINATION
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DOI：
10.1016/0301-0082(92)90034-c
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发表时间：
1992-01-01
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
MASSION, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
MASSION, J
熟练的运动表现意味着在涉及外部和内部约束的情况下产生最佳响应。外部约束是由执行动作的环境条件施加的约束，例如重力、支撑表面的反作用力、施加的加速度和障碍物。内部约束是来自身体本身的约束：身体各部分的几何构造、各部分的惯性特性以及与肌肉收缩相关的内力。运动技能的核心组织考虑了所有外部和内部约束。它需要长期学习，因为这些约束是在运动行为的中央控制中预测的。在有意识的复杂多关节动作中，例如站立时抓握物体，可以识别出许多有助于整体表现的组件：用手达到目标，凝视目标，稳定姿势，保持平衡。中央控制涉及多个并行命令，每个命令都实现一个给定的目标，并且这些控制进行协调以便集成到同一行为中（Arbib，1981）。当试图识别动作的各个组成部分时，一种方法包括确定在运动动作期间同时控制哪些目标。实际上，可以确定针对目标的两种主要控制类型，它们具有不同且相反的功能。第一种类型的控制包括针对外部或内部干扰维持参考值。参考值可以是a的位置
Skilful motor performance means producing the optimal response in a context involving external and internal constraints. The external constraints are those imposed by the environmental conditions under which the action is performed such as the gravitational forces, the reaction forces from the supporting surfaces, imposed accelerations and obstacles. The internal constraints are those which originate from the body itself: the geometrical configuration of the body segments, the inertial characteristics of the segments and the internal forces associated with muscle contraction. The central organization of a motor skill takes into account all the external and internal constraints. It requires long term learning as the result of which these constraints are predicted in the central control of the motor act.In an intentional complex multijoint action, such as grasping an object while standing, many components can be identified which contribute to the performance as a whole: reaching the goal with the hand, gazing at the target, stabilizing posture, maintaining equilibrium. Central control involves multiple parallel commands, each fulfilling a given goal, and these controls are coordinated in order to be integrated into the same act (Arbib, 1981). When attempting to identify the various components of the action, one approach consists of determining which goals are controlled at the same time during the motor act. Actually, two main types of control with respect to a goal can be identified which subserve different and opposite functions. The first type of control consists of maintaining a reference value against external or internal disturbances. The reference value can be the position of a