Maintenance of phenotypic plasticity is linked to oxidative stress in spadefoot toad larvae
Maintenance of phenotypic plasticity is linked to oxidative stress in spadefoot toad larvae
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DOI：
10.1111/oik.09078
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发表时间：
2022-03-03
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Gomez-Mestre, Ivan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Burraco, Pablo;Rendon, Miguel A.;Gomez-Mestre, Ivan
表型可塑性允许生物体改善其表型与异质环境之间的匹配。理论模型认为，维持适应性表型可塑性所需的感觉和反应机制的成本是可塑性进化的重要决定因素。尽管经常性的论点调用假定的代谢成本与维护细胞机器，还没有研究试图从分子的角度来量化它。在这里，我们实验研究不同基因型（同胞）的spadefoot蟾蜍幼虫的生理差异，不同程度的可塑性，在捕食线索。我们观察到显着的差异，在发育，生长和形态反应的捕食者，并测试是否增加可塑性与氧化应激或免疫抑制。我们观察到，更多的塑料同胞经历了更高的抗氧化酶活性时，饲养在没有捕食者的线索，即不表达他们的塑料反应。可塑性的程度也与较高的脂质过氧化反应和稍大的粒细胞-淋巴细胞比率。高可塑性的同胞具有较高的抗氧化活性，这表明表型可塑性的维持可能与需要能量的代谢过程有关。我们的研究结果表明，具有产生塑性反应的潜力可能会导致氧化和免疫成本。从长远来看，这种维持成本可能会侵蚀个体的适应性，甚至限制可塑性的进化。据我们所知，这是第一个经验证据表明，存在的生理成本，以维持表型可塑性。
Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to improve the match between their phenotype and heterogeneous environments. Theoretical models have argued that costs of maintaining the sensory and response machinery necessary for adaptive phenotypic plasticity are important determinants to the evolution of plasticity. Despite recurrent arguments invoking putative metabolic costs associated with maintenance of cellular machinery, no studies have yet attempted to quantify it from a molecular standpoint. Here we experimentally examine physiological differences across genotypes (sibships) of spadefoot toad larvae with different degrees of plasticity in response to predator cues. We observed marked differences across sibships in developmental, growth and morphological responses to predators, and tested whether increased plasticity was associated with oxidative stress or immune suppression. We observed that more plastic sibships experienced higher antioxidant enzymatic activity when reared in the absence of predator cues, i.e. not expressing their plastic responses. The degree of plasticity was also associated with higher lipid peroxidation and slightly greater granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio. Higher antioxidant activity in highly plastic sibships suggests that maintenance of phenotypic plasticity may be linked to energy demanding metabolic processes. Our findings suggest that having the potential to produce plastic responses may incur oxidative and immunological costs. In the long term, such maintenance costs may erode individual fitness and even constrain the evolution of plasticity. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical evidence indicating the existence of a physiological cost to the maintenance of phenotypic plasticity.