Topography of Cerebellar Deficits in Humans
Topography of Cerebellar Deficits in Humans
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s12311-011-0247-4
复制
发表时间：
2012-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Manto, Mario
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Grimaldi, Giuliana;Manto, Mario
小脑是信息处理的关键部分，参与许多运动和非运动活动，这要归功于电路的解剖特征，巨大的计算能力以及与其他大脑区域的高度连接。尽管小脑的细胞结构是统一的，但它的回路被分成不同的功能区。这种功能的划分是由连接到小脑的许多小脑外结构的连接性和解剖功能异质性驱动的，这些结构主要是脑皮质、小脑前核和脊髓。通过对小脑输出的详细分析，人们对小脑功能有了重大的了解，有证据表明小脑运作的基本方面是闭环电路和对未来状态的预测。小脑疾病导致运动准确性的障碍和协调性的缺乏。小脑综合征包括眼功能障碍、构音障碍和其他言语缺陷、肢体共济失调、站立和步态共济失调以及通常更微妙的认知/行为障碍的组合。我们对人类小脑相应的解剖功能图的理解正在不断提高。我们总结了地形的临床缺陷观察小脑患者和越来越多的证据区域细分为运动，感觉，感觉运动，认知和情感领域。最近描述的地形二分法运动与非运动小脑的基础上解剖，功能和神经心理学的研究进行了讨论。
The cerebellum is a key-piece for information processing and is involved in numerous motor and nonmotor activities, thanks to the anatomical characteristics of the circuitry, the enormous computational capabilities and the high connectivity to other brain areas. Despite its uniform cytoarchitecture, cerebellar circuitry is segregated into functional zones. This functional parcellation is driven by the connectivity and the anatomo-functional heterogeneity of the numerous extra-cerebellar structures linked to the cerebellum, principally brain cortices, precerebellar nuclei and spinal cord. Major insights into cerebellar functions have been gained with a detailed analysis of the cerebellar outputs, with the evidence that fundamental aspects of cerebrocerebellar operations are the closed-loop circuit and the predictions of future states. Cerebellar diseases result in disturbances of accuracy of movements and lack of coordination. The cerebellar syndrome includes combinations of oculomotor disturbances, dysarthria and other speech deficits, ataxia of limbs, ataxia of stance and gait, as well as often more subtle cognitive/behavioral impairments. Our understanding of the corresponding anatomo-functional maps for the human cerebellum is continuously improving. We summarize the topography of the clinical deficits observed in cerebellar patients and the growing evidence of a regional subdivision into motor, sensory, sensorimotor, cognitive and affective domains. The recently described topographic dichotomy motor versus nonmotor cerebellum based upon anatomical, functional and neuropsychological studies is also discussed.