Internalized Values as Motivators of Altruism
Internalized Values as Motivators of Altruism
复制标题
作为利他主义动机的内在价值观
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4613-2645-8_14
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发表时间：
1984
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
J. Howard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Schwartz;J. Howard
对我们来说，利他主义指的是旨在造福他人的自我牺牲行为，而不管行为者的物质或社会结果如何。这个定义的关键是强调行为者的动机：一个行为只有在关心他人福利的情况下才是利他的。换句话说，利他主义行为的动机是肯定自己的道德价值观的愿望（施瓦茨和霍华德，1981）。亲社会行为的更普遍的概念指向行动的结果，而不是行动背后的意图（Wispe，1972）。亲社会行为通常需要利他主义和其他类型的动机的混合。例如，一个成年人可能会阻止正在打架的孩子，这既是因为她自己基于价值观对孩子福利的关心，也是因为这种行为可能会得到社会的认可，增强她的能力感。
For us, altruism refers to self-sacrificial acts intended to benefit others regardless of material or social outcomes for the actor. Crucial to this definition is an emphasis on the actor’s motivation: An act is altruistic only to the extent that it is motivated by concern for the welfare of others. In other words, altruistic behavior is motivated by the desire to affirm one’s own moral values (Schwartz & Howard, 1981). The more general notion of prosocial behavior points to the outcomes of action rather than to the intentions that underlie action (Wispe, 1972). Prosocial behavior usually entails a mixture of altruistic and other types of motivation. An adult may stop children who are fighting, for instance, both because of her own value-based concern for their welfare and because this act may elicit social approval and enhance her sense of competence.