Fine-particle Mn and other metals linked to the introduction of MMT into gasoline in Sydney, Australia: Results of a natural experiment
Fine-particle Mn and other metals linked to the introduction of MMT into gasoline in Sydney, Australia: Results of a natural experiment
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DOI：
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.006
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发表时间：
2005-11-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Taylor, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cohen, DD;Gulson, BL;Taylor, A
使用基于加速器的离子束方法的组合，我们分析了PM2.5颗粒物的一套21种（H，C，Na，Al，Si，P，S，Cl，K，Ca，Ti，V，Cr，Mn，Fe，Co，Ni，Cu，Zn，Br，Ph），以评估与引入MMT作为铅的替代物相关的悉尼（澳大利亚新南威尔士州）空气的贡献。市场失当行为审裁处已于2004年终止。从1998年至2004年连续采样7年的聚四氟乙烯过滤器进行了分析，从两个地点：一个从吉祥物，靠近中央商务区[CBD（n = 718）]和高交通区的郊区，另一个，一个相对农村（背景）设置在里士满，类似于20公里以西的CBD（n = 730）。在最大MMT使用时，背景站点空气中的锰浓度从平均1.5-1.6 ng m-3增加到小于2 ng m-3，而Mascot的浓度则从约2 ng m-3增加到5 ng m-3。从最大值来看，随着MMT使用量的减少，两个部位的Mn均呈稳定下降趋势。随着2002年逐步淘汰含铅汽油，这两个地点空气中的铅浓度从1998年起有所下降。采用以前确定的元素签名，它是可能的调整效果，从季节沿着与汽车排放和土壤。空气中的Mn与铅替代汽油使用之间的关系具有高度相关性（R-2 0.83），Mn/ Al + Si + K与铅替代汽油使用之间的相关性有所改善（R-2 0.93）。此外，使用Mn浓度标准化为背景值的Al + Si + K或Ti占的岩石衍生的Mn，人为Mn的比例约为70%。颗粒物中Mn和Pb的变化归因于MMT的使用前后以及汽油中铅的使用减少。悉尼空气中测得的值远低于参考浓度50 ng Mn m（-3）。然而，由于MMT仅在铅替代汽油中的有限使用，并且在MMT用于所有汽油的国家应进行高质量的监测，因此空气中的增量增加大于预期。(c)2005爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
Using a combination of accelerator-based ion beam methods we have analysed PM2.5 particulates for a suite of 21 species (H, C, Na, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Ph) to evaluate the contribution to Sydney (New South Wales, Australia) air associated with the introduction of MMT as a replacement for lead. MMT was discontinued in 2004. Teflon filters representing continuous sampling for a 7 year period from 1998 to 2004 were analysed from two sites: one from Mascot, a suburb close to the Central Business District [CBD (n = 718)] and a high trafficked area, and the other, a relatively rural (background) setting at Richmond, similar to 20 km west of the CBD (n = 730). Manganese concentrations in air at the background site increased from a mean of 1.5-1.6 ng m(-3) to less than 2 ng m-3 at the time of greatest MMT use whereas those at Mascot increased from about 2 to 5 ng m-3. From the maximum values, the Mn showed a steady decrease at both sites concomitant with the decreasing use of MMT. Lead concentrations in air at both sites decreased from 1998 onwards, concomitant with the phase out of leaded gasoline, attained in 2002. Employing previously determined elemental signatures it was possible to adjust effects from season along with auto emissions and soil. A high correlation was obtained for the relationship between Mn in air and lead replacement gasoline use (R-2 0.83) and an improved correlation for Mn/ Al + Si + K and lead replacement gasoline use (R-2 0.93). In addition, using Mn concentrations normalized to background values of Al + Si + K or Ti to account for the lithogenically derived Mn, the proportion of anthropogenic Mn was approximately 70%. The changes for Mn and Pb detected in the particulates are attributed to the before-during-after use of MMT and decreasing use of lead in gasoline. The values measured in Sydney air are well below the reference concentration of 50 ng Mn m(-3). The incremental increases in air, however, are larger than expected given the limited use of MMT only in lead replacement gasoline and high quality monitoring should be undertaken in countries where MMT is used in all gasoline. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.