Adaptation
Adaptation
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DOI：
10.1136/pgmj.1.5.60
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发表时间：
1926-02
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
H. Crichton-Miller
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Crichton-Miller
人来到这个世界上时，身体和精神上都有某种先天的品质。从摇篮到坟墓，他都暴露在一个对他有一定要求的环境中。他调整自己的激情和欲望以适应这些需求的程度，以及他保持内部和谐和社会效率的程度，是他心理适应的衡量标准。神经质、犯罪和精神错乱构成了三大类不成功的适应。在本课程中，我们主要关注的是第一个群体。适应的过程本质上是一个动态的、演化的过程。我们认为人类从猿类起源开始缓慢而痛苦地奋斗，是通向神圣命运的“本能驱动机制”。他朝着这个方向迈出的每一步，都带有他生命中有意识的目的的某种延伸，以及对直接本能反应的补偿性限制。但不能认为目的本身就是一种动力；这种动力总是相同的--本能。将目的引入人类生活允许对行为进行很大范围的修改。这种修饰意味着升华的过程，换句话说，将本能应用于对社会有价值的某种同源目的。人类的目标可能是以自我为中心的，也可能是利他主义的。在这两者之间，存在着伦理价值观。弗洛伊德把它们分别称为快乐原则和现实原则。我们所有的现代心理学都归功于弗洛伊德。他把心理学从一门枯燥的学术研究变成了一股鲜活的力量。但即使是现在，珍妮特也是这种旧的心理态度的例证，她刚刚出版了两本关于《心理治疗》的畅销书。这是一项纯粹的学术历史考察，属于前弗洛伊德时代。无意识动机…的中心特征
Man comes into the world with certain congenital qualities, physical and mental. From the cradle to the grave he is exposed to an environment which makes certain demands upon him. The extent to which he adjusts his passions and desires to these demands, and the degrees in which he maintains internal harmony and social efficiency are the measure of his psychological adaptation. The neurotic, the delinquent and the insane constitute the three great groups of unsuccessful adaptations. It is with the first of these groups that we are primarily concerned in this course. The process of adaptation is essentially a dynamic one and evolutionary in character. We regard man as slowly and painfully fighting his way from his simian origin as “an instinct-driven mechanism” towards a divine destiny. Every step that he takes in this direction is characterised by some extension of conscious purpose in his life, and a compensatory restriction of direct instinctive reaction. But it must not be thought that purpose is in itself a dynamic; the dynamic is always the same-instinct. The introduction of purpose into human life allows of a great range of modification of conduct. This modification implies the process of sublimation, in other words, the application of instinctive energy to some cognate end which has value for society. Human purpose may be ego-centric or altruistic. Between these two, ethical values lie. Freud refers to them as the Pleasure Principle and the Reality Principle respectively. To Freud we owe all modern psychology. He transformed psychology from a sterile academic study into a living force. But the old psychological attitude is exemplified even now by Janet, who has just published two stout volumes on “Psychological Healing.” It is a purely academic historical survey and belongs to the pre-Freudian era. The central feature of the unconscious motive …