Biomineral shell formation under ocean acidification: a shift from order to chaos.
Biomineral shell formation under ocean acidification: a shift from order to chaos.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1038/srep21076
复制
发表时间：
2016-02-15
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Cusack M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fitzer SC;Chung P;Maccherozzi F;Dhesi SS;Kamenos NA;Phoenix VR;Cusack M
海洋生物中的生物矿物生产利用无定形碳酸钙（ACC）的瞬态阶段来构建结晶壳。海水pCO2增加导致海洋酸化（OA），海洋碳酸盐浓度降低，这可能对贝壳形成产生负面影响，从而影响生存。我们证明了在酸化条件（1000 μatm pCO2）下培养的紫贻贝贝壳的文石和方解石层中ACC的水合和脱水形式与当前条件（380 μatm pCO2）相比发生了显着变化。在OA条件下，紫贻贝在结晶位点具有更多的ACC。在这里，我们使用高空间分辨率的同步辐射X射线光发射电子显微镜（XPEEM）结合X射线吸收光谱（XAS）调查OA对成年紫贻贝壳ACC形成的影响。电子背散射衍射（EBSD）证实，OA减少壳形成的晶体学控制。结果表明，OA诱导更多的ACC的形成和较少的晶体控制的贻贝，这表明ACC是作为一种修复机制，以打击壳损伤下OA。然而，由此产生的减少贻贝晶体控制引起了人们对捕食和不断变化的环境下的壳保护功能的关注。
Biomineral production in marine organisms employs transient phases of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) in the construction of crystalline shells. Increasing seawater pCO2 leads to ocean acidification (OA) with a reduction in oceanic carbonate concentration which could have a negative impact on shell formation and therefore survival. We demonstrate significant changes in the hydrated and dehydrated forms of ACC in the aragonite and calcite layers of Mytilus edulis shells cultured under acidification conditions (1000 μatm pCO2) compared to present day conditions (380 μatm pCO2). In OA conditions, Mytilus edulis has more ACC at crystalisation sites. Here, we use the high-spatial resolution of synchrotron X-ray Photo Emission Electron Microscopy (XPEEM) combined with X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) to investigate the influence of OA on the ACC formation in the shells of adult Mytilus edulis. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) confirms that OA reduces crystallographic control of shell formation. The results demonstrate that OA induces more ACC formation and less crystallographic control in mussels suggesting that ACC is used as a repair mechanism to combat shell damage under OA. However, the resultant reduced crystallographic control in mussels raises concerns for shell protective function under predation and changing environments.