Safety Net, Social Protection, and Sustainable Poverty Reduction: A Review of the Evidences and Arguments for Developing Countries
Safety Net, Social Protection, and Sustainable Poverty Reduction: A Review of the Evidences and Arguments for Developing Countries
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安全网、社会保护和可持续减贫：发展中国家的证据和论点回顾
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
Shahnewaz Khan
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作者：
Shahnewaz Khan
自《1990年世界发展报告》发表以来，不同的机构和机构就社会保障项目在解决发展中国家持续贫困问题中的作用提出了不同的观点。本文回顾了现有的证据和关于发展中国家此类项目影响的争论。大多数文献已经认识到这些项目的积极影响，特别是在贫困和不平等，入学率和辍学率，以及更好的营养和健康结果方面。然而，这些项目的一个主要问题是其影响的可持续性，即对经济增长和长期生活水平的影响。虽然发达国家的社会保护与增长之间的联系侧重于跨国经验证据，但另一种观点认为，由于缺乏可靠的数据，这种方法不适合发展中国家。关于这些项目在提高长期生活水平方面的作用，现有的证据是混杂的——一些研究承认了它们的作用，但也有怀疑的观点。为了解决贫困的结构性原因，很少有研究试图遵循反贫困政策的分岔，即社会保护侧重于短暂贫困，资产转移侧重于长期贫困。然而，政策分岔的可行性也受到了挑战，因此有人建议制定一个更广泛的社会保护框架，该框架将考虑到风险和脆弱性以外的因素，以解决长期和短暂的贫困问题。
Since the publication of the World Development Report 1990, diverse views have been forwarded by different institutions and agencies about the role of social protection programs in addressing persistent poverty in the developing countries. This paper reviews the existing evidences and arguments about the impacts of such programs in the developing countries. Most of the literatures have recognized the positive impact of such programs especially on poverty and inequality, school enrollment and drop-out, and better nutrition and health outcomes. However, a major concern about these programs is related to the sustainability of their impacts, i.e., the impacts on growth and long term living standards. While the linkages between social protection and growth in the developed countries have focused cross-country empirical evidences, another view holds that such an approach is unsuitable for the developing countries given the lack of reliable data. With regard to the role of these programs in raising long term living standards, the existing evidences are mixed – some studies have recognized their role while there are skeptical views also. So as to address the structural cause of poverty, few studies have attempted to follow an anti-poverty policy bifurcation, with social protection focusing on transient and asset transfer on chronic poverty. However, the feasibility of policy bifurcation has been challenged also, and as such it has been suggested to map out a broader social protection framework that would take into account factors beyond risk and vulnerability to address both chronic and transient poverty.