Knowing more than we know: metacognition, semantic fluency, and originality in younger and older adults.
Knowing more than we know: metacognition, semantic fluency, and originality in younger and older adults.
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比我们知道的更多：年轻人和老年人的元认知、语义流畅性和原创性。
DOI：
10.1080/13825585.2022.2149691
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发表时间：
2024
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Castel,AlanD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Murphy,DillonH;Castel,AlanD
我们研究了人们从语义长期记忆中检索的元认知意识与年龄相关的相似性和差异，以及他们反应的原创性。参与者完成了几项语义流畅性任务，并在回忆项目之前对其表现进行元认知预测。此外，在检索后，参与者对他们的回答的原创性进行了元认知评估。结果显示，年轻人（Mage= 24.49）和老年人（Mage= 68.31）都对自己的表现缺乏信心，尽管他们对自己从语义记忆中检索信息的能力有一定的元认知意识。年轻人和老年人通过任务经验变得更加元认知地意识到自己的能力，但参与者的元认知预测和事后预测没有显着差异，尽管老年人认为他们的原创性不如年轻人。这些发现揭示了一种“熟练且无意识”的效应，即参与者在第一次试验中缺乏信心，而在后来的试验中变得不那么缺乏信心。这些模式可能符合更广泛的文献，这些文献发现言语技能的元认知缺乏成人年龄差异，但表明老年人可能认为他们获得原始言语知识的机会可能会随着年龄的增长而下降。
We examined age-related similarities and differences in people’s metacognitive awareness of retrieval from semantic long-term memory as well as the originality of their responses. Participants completed several semantic fluency tasks, and before recalling items, made metacognitive predictions of their performance. Additionally, after retrieval, participants made metacognitive evaluations of the originality of their responses. Results revealed that both younger (Mage= 24.49) and older adults (Mage= 68.31) were underconfident in their performance, despite some metacognitive awareness of their ability to retrieve information from semantic memory. Younger and older adults became more metacognitively aware of their abilities with task experience, but there were no significant differences in participants’ metacognitive predictions and postdictions, although older adults believed that they were less original than younger adults. These findings revealed a “skilled and unaware” effect whereby participants were underconfident on the first trial and became less underconfident on later trials. These patterns may fit with a broader literature that has found a lack of adult age differences in metacognition for verbal skills but shows that older adults may believe that their access to original verbal knowledge may decline in older age.