A nationwide survey of 31 organophosphate esters in sewage sludge from the United States.
A nationwide survey of 31 organophosphate esters in sewage sludge from the United States.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.224
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发表时间：
2019-03
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Yu Wang;P. Kannan;R. Halden;K. Kannan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Yu Wang;P. Kannan;R. Halden;K. Kannan
有机磷酸酯(OPE)在许多消费品中用作阻燃剂和增塑剂。然而，关于污泥中有机磷农药的存在和清查的研究还很有限。在这项研究中，对来自美国67个污水处理厂(WWTP)的75个存档污水污泥样本中的20个OP三酯和11个二酯进行了测定。污泥中∑20OP-三酯和∑11OP-二酯的中位数分别为1290和78.4 ng/g干重(Dw)。来自美国西部和东北部的污泥样本比来自美国中西部和南部的污泥样本含有更高浓度的OP三酯。处理能力较大的污水处理厂的污泥样本(每天3800万升)含有较高浓度的OP双酯(p<； 0.05)。污泥中的OP双酯有两种来源，一是三酯降解，二是直接输入。据估计，美国土壤中的污泥每年可产生12,400-14,900 kg/年的OP三酯和6，63-796 kg/年的OP-Desters。对在污泥中发现的14种有机污染物进行了危害评估，这表明在目前的污泥土地应用实践中，风险水平较低。
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as flame retardants and plasticizers in a wide range of consumer products. Nevertheless, studies on the occurrence and inventory of OPEs in sewage sludge are limited. In this study, 20 OP triesters and 11 diesters were measured in 75 archived sewage sludge samples collected from 67 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across the United States (US). The median concentrations of ∑20OP-triesters and ∑11OP-diesters in sludge were 1290 and 78.4 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. Sludge samples originating from the Western and Northeastern US contained higher concentrations of OP triesters than did those from the Midwestern and Southern US. Sludge samples from WWTPs with larger treatment capacity (>38 million liters per day) contained higher concentrations of OP diesters (p< 0.05). OP diesters in sludge originated from two sources, triester degradation and direct inputs. Land application of sludge to US soils was estimated to result in annual mass inputs of 12,400–14,900 kg/year of OP triesters and 663–796 kg/year of OP diesters. A hazard assessment was performed for 14 OPEs found in sludge, which suggested a low level of risk at the current land application practices of sludge.