Statistical learning: a powerful mechanism that operates by mere exposure
Statistical learning: a powerful mechanism that operates by mere exposure
复制标题
DOI：
10.1002/wcs.1373
复制
发表时间：
2017-01-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Aslin, Richard N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Aslin, Richard N.
婴儿如何在很少努力的情况下如此迅速地学习？ 1996年，萨夫兰（Saffran），阿斯林（Aslin）和纽波特（Newport）报告说，在只有2分钟的被动聆听之后，8个月大的婴儿可以学习一系列语音音节的潜在时间结构。这种关于所谓的统计学习的证明，不涉及指导，加强或反馈，导致了数十种在各种模式，领域和物种中隐性学习的强大机制的确认。这些发现表明，婴儿并不像我们从学习的研究中所假设的那样依赖于明确的教学形式，在这些研究中，教导儿童或成年人被教导诸如数学或解决问题的技能之类的事实。相反，至少在某些领域，婴儿仅通过暴露就吸收了周围的信息。因此，这些领域的学习和发展似乎自动发生，而教师（父母或老师）几乎没有积极参与。讨论了这种统计学习机制的详细信息，包括在某些情况下，对特定类型的信息的接触如何推广到从未出现的信息，从而实现学习的转移。 （c）2016年Wiley期刊公司
How do infants learn so rapidly and with little apparent effort? In 1996, Saffran, Aslin, and Newport reported that 8-month-old human infants could learn the underlying temporal structure of a stream of speech syllables after only 2min of passive listening. This demonstration of what was called statistical learning, involving no instruction, reinforcement, or feedback, led to dozens of confirmations of this powerful mechanism of implicit learning in a variety of modalities, domains, and species. These findings reveal that infants are not nearly as dependent on explicit forms of instruction as we might have assumed from studies of learning in which children or adults are taught facts such as math or problem solving skills. Instead, at least in some domains, infants soak up the information around them by mere exposure. Learning and development in these domains thus appear to occur automatically and with little active involvement by an instructor (parent or teacher). The details of this statistical learning mechanism are discussed, including how exposure to specific types of information can, under some circumstances, generalize to never-before-observed information, thereby enabling transfer of learning. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.