Phonological and morphophonological effects on grammatical development in children with specific language impairment.
Phonological and morphophonological effects on grammatical development in children with specific language impairment.
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语音和形态语音对特定语言障碍儿童语法发展的影响。
DOI：
10.1111/1460-6984.12152
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Petocz,Peter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tomas,Ekaterina;Demuth,Katherine;Smith-Lock,KarenM;Petocz,Peter
背景有特殊语言障碍(SLI)的五岁儿童经常在掌握语法语素方面遇到困难。有人提出，动词形态在这方面特别有问题。先前的研究也表明，在发育中的幼儿中，语法标记出现的时间较晚，在语音方面更具挑战性。目的主要目的是探讨SLI儿童的语法缺陷是否本质上是形态合成的，或者语音因素是否也解释了语素产生的一些变异性。研究考察了相同的语音因素对三种不同语素产生的影响：两个动词语素(过去时，第三人称单数S)和一个名词性语素(所有格S)。这些数据是在语法测试期间收集的，测试内容包括涉及图片道具的目标形式的问题/答案的引出。用二元Logistic回归分析了2301个项目，预测因素包括：(1)目标词的发音位置，(2)其尾音的语音复杂性，(3)词干辅音的发音，(4)音节(同素异形型)和(5)参与解释反应中的个体差异。具体地说，对于所有三个语素，音节异形词(例如，她的连衣裙)都比音节异形词(例如，他跑)具有更大的挑战性。其他因素的影响只对单个语素有影响：尾音的复杂性和语音有助于解释过去时产生的变异性，而位置显著影响儿童使用所有格的表现。参与因素也有显著的影响，表明在SLI人群中经常观察到的组内变异性很高。结论与含义动词和名词性语素的音节系统效应表明，形态语音对SLI儿童语法发展的影响不能用句法缺陷完全解释。在产生音节同素异形方面表现较差的原因是这些形式的总体频率要低得多，以及连续产生类似片段的“绕口令”效应，如添加[ædəd]，wash[wɒʃəz]。有趣的是，音节同形异形词(一个额外的音节)声学上的显著程度并不能提高孩子们产生这些音节的能力。这些发现表明，不同语言水平之间的相互联系对SLI儿童的语法发展具有比预期更大的影响。因此，在设计语言评估和言语治疗时，应考虑变态疗法，确保儿童接受充分的同形变体练习。
BackgroundFive‐year‐olds with specific language impairment (SLI) often struggle with mastering grammatical morphemes. It has been proposed thatverbalmorphology is particularly problematic in this respect. Previous research has also shown that in young typically developing children grammatical markers appear later in more phonologically challenging contexts.AimsThe main aim was to explore whether grammatical deficits in children with SLI aremorphosyntacticin nature, or whetherphonologicalfactors also explain some of the variability in morpheme production. The analysis considered the effects of the same phonological factors on the production of three different morphemes: two verbal (past tense ‐ed; third‐person singular‐s) and one nominal morpheme (possessive‐s).Methods & ProceduresThe participants were 30 children with SLI (21 boys) aged 4;6–5;11 years (mean = 5;1). The data were collected during grammar test sessions, which consisted of question/answer elicitations of target forms involving picture props. A total of 2301 items were analysed using binary logistic regression; the predictors included: (1)utterance positionof the target word, (2)phonological complexityof its coda, (3)voicingof the final stem consonant, (4)syllabicity(allomorph type) and (5)participantaccounting for the individual differences in the responses.Outcomes & ResultsThe results showed a robust effect ofsyllabicityon the correct morpheme production. Specifically, syllabic allomorphs (e.g.,She dresses) were significantly more challenging than the segmental ones (e.g.,He runs) for all three morphemes. The effects of other factors were observed only for a single morpheme:coda complexityandvoicinghelped explain variability in past tense production, andutterance positionsignificantly affected children's performance with the possessive. Theparticipantfactor also had a significant effect, indicating high within‐group variability ‐ often observed in SLI population.Conclusions & ImplicationsThe systematic effect ofsyllabicityacross both verbal and nominal morphemes suggests morphophonological influences in the grammatical development of children with SLI that cannot be fully explained by syntactic deficits. Poorer performance in producing syllabic allomorphs can be accounted for by much lower overall frequency of these forms, and by the ‘tongue‐twisting’ effect of producing similar segments in succession, as inadded[ædəd],washes[wɒʃəz]. Interestingly, the greater acoustic salience of the syllabic allomorphs (an extra syllable) does not enhance children's abilities to produce them. These findings suggest that the interconnections between different levels of language have a stronger effect on the grammatical development of children with SLI than might be expected.Allomorphyshould, therefore, be taken into account when designing language assessments and speech therapy, ensuring that children receive sufficient practice with the entire set of allomorphic variants.