Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators.
Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators.
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DOI：
10.3390/ijerph8051402
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发表时间：
2011-05
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Eleftherohorinos IG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Damalas CA;Eleftherohorinos IG
农药广泛应用于农业生产，以预防或控制病虫害、杂草和其他植物病原体，以减少或消除产量损失并保持高质量的产品。虽然农药是通过非常严格的监管程序开发的，其作用具有合理的确定性，对人类健康和环境的影响最小，但人们对职业接触以及食品和饮用水中的残留物造成的健康风险表示严重关切。职业接触农药的情况经常发生在露天田地和温室的农业工人、农药行业的工人和家庭害虫的灭虫员身上。一般人群接触农药主要是通过食用被农药残留污染的食物和饮用水，而大量接触也可能发生在家中或周围。至于对环境的不利影响（浸出、径流和喷雾漂移造成的水、土壤和空气污染，以及对野生动物、鱼类、植物和其他非目标生物的有害影响），其中许多影响取决于农药的毒性、施用期间采取的措施、施用剂量、对土壤胶体的吸附、施用后的主要天气条件以及农药在环境中持续的时间。因此，评估农药对人类健康或环境的影响并不是一项容易和特别准确的工作，因为接触农药的时间和水平、所使用的农药类型（毒性和持久性）以及通常使用农药地区的环境特征各不相同。此外，用于评估农药对人类健康不利影响的标准的数量及其实施方法可能会影响风险评估，并可能在不久的将来影响已批准的农药的特性和新化合物的批准。因此，需要比现有工具或技术更可靠的新工具或技术来预测农药的潜在危害，从而有助于减少对人类健康和环境的不利影响。另一方面，实施较少依赖农药的替代种植系统，开发具有新作用模式和改进安全性的新农药，以及将已经使用的农药配方改进为更安全的配方（例如微胶囊悬浮液），可以减少农业的不利影响，特别是农药的毒性作用。此外，使用适当和维护良好的喷洒设备，并在农药处理的各个阶段采取一切必要的预防措施，可以最大限度地减少人类接触农药及其对环境的潜在不利影响。
Pesticides are widely used in agricultural production to prevent or control pests, diseases, weeds, and other plant pathogens in an effort to reduce or eliminate yield losses and maintain high product quality. Although pesticides are developed through very strict regulation processes to function with reasonable certainty and minimal impact on human health and the environment, serious concerns have been raised about health risks resulting from occupational exposure and from residues in food and drinking water. Occupational exposure to pesticides often occurs in the case of agricultural workers in open fields and greenhouses, workers in the pesticide industry, and exterminators of house pests. Exposure of the general population to pesticides occurs primarily through eating food and drinking water contaminated with pesticide residues, whereas substantial exposure can also occur in or around the home. Regarding the adverse effects on the environment (water, soil and air contamination from leaching, runoff, and spray drift, as well as the detrimental effects on wildlife, fish, plants, and other non-target organisms), many of these effects depend on the toxicity of the pesticide, the measures taken during its application, the dosage applied, the adsorption on soil colloids, the weather conditions prevailing after application, and how long the pesticide persists in the environment. Therefore, the risk assessment of the impact of pesticides either on human health or on the environment is not an easy and particularly accurate process because of differences in the periods and levels of exposure, the types of pesticides used (regarding toxicity and persistence), and the environmental characteristics of the areas where pesticides are usually applied. Also, the number of the criteria used and the method of their implementation to assess the adverse effects of pesticides on human health could affect risk assessment and would possibly affect the characterization of the already approved pesticides and the approval of the new compounds in the near future. Thus, new tools or techniques with greater reliability than those already existing are needed to predict the potential hazards of pesticides and thus contribute to reduction of the adverse effects on human health and the environment. On the other hand, the implementation of alternative cropping systems that are less dependent on pesticides, the development of new pesticides with novel modes of action and improved safety profiles, and the improvement of the already used pesticide formulations towards safer formulations (e.g., microcapsule suspensions) could reduce the adverse effects of farming and particularly the toxic effects of pesticides. In addition, the use of appropriate and well-maintained spraying equipment along with taking all precautions that are required in all stages of pesticide handling could minimize human exposure to pesticides and their potential adverse effects on the environment.
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影响因子：
1.5
作者：
Damalas, C. A.;Theodorou, M. G.;Georgiou, E. B.
通讯作者：
Georgiou, E. B.
DOI：
10.1080/09603120600869190
发表时间：
2006-10-01
影响因子：
3.2
作者：
Damalas, Christos A.;Georgiou, Eleni B.;Theodorou, Maria G.
通讯作者：
Theodorou, Maria G.
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
Buerger, Jana;de Mol, Friederike;Gerowitt, Baerbel
通讯作者：
Gerowitt, Baerbel
影响因子：
8.3
作者：
Atreya, Kishor
通讯作者：
Atreya, Kishor
影响因子：
5.1
作者：
Gil, Yvan;Sinfort, Carole;Palagos, Bernard
通讯作者：
Palagos, Bernard