Imaging the Subsurface Plumbing Complex of Steamboat Geyser and Cistern Spring With Hydrothermal Tremor Migration Using Seismic Interferometry
Imaging the Subsurface Plumbing Complex of Steamboat Geyser and Cistern Spring With Hydrothermal Tremor Migration Using Seismic Interferometry
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DOI：
10.1029/2020jb021128
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发表时间：
2020-10
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Sin‐Mei Wu;F. Lin;J. Farrell;William E. Keller;E. White;J. Hungerford
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作者：
Sin‐Mei Wu;F. Lin;J. Farrell;William E. Keller;E. White;J. Hungerford
黄石国家公园的蒸汽船间歇泉是地球上最高的活跃间歇泉，据信与间歇泉喷口西南约100米的热液池“池泉”有水文联系。尽管有广泛的科学兴趣，但罕见的蒸汽船喷发使得研究其喷发动力学和地下管道结构变得困难。自2018年3月以来，蒸汽船火山已经喷发了130多次，为了应对最近的重新激活，我们在2019年夏天在神秘的间歇泉周围部署了密集的地震节点阵列。该阵列记录了大量源自蒸汽船间歇泉和池泉相变事件的1-5 Hz热液震颤。为了约束震源的时空分布，提出了一种基于干涉测量的极化分析方法。观测到的震颤位置表明，Steamboat下方的管道是垂直的，向下延伸至~ 120 m深度，而水箱的管道包括一条浅垂直管道，与地表池东南~ 60 m处的一个深的、大的、横向偏移的水库相连。没有发现蒸汽船和水箱管道结构之间的直接联系。地震的时间变化结合储水池的现场温度和水深测量，揭示了整个喷发/补给周期中汽船和储水池之间的相互作用。观察到的池泉对蒸汽船喷发和补给的延迟响应表明，两个管道结构可能通过裂缝/多孔介质而不是直接开放的通道连接，这与我们推断的管道结构一致。
Steamboat Geyser in Yellowstone National Park is the tallest active geyser on Earth and is believed to have hydrologic connection to Cistern Spring, a hydrothermal pool ∼100 m southwest from the geyser vent. Despite broad scientific interest, rare episodic Steamboat eruptions have made it difficult to study its eruption dynamics and underground plumbing architecture. In response to the recent reactivation of Steamboat, which has produced more than 130 eruptions since March 2018, we deployed a dense seismic nodal array surrounding the enigmatic geyser in the summer of 2019. The array recorded abundant 1–5 Hz hydrothermal tremor originating from phase‐transition events within both Steamboat Geyser and Cistern Spring. To constrain the spatiotemporal distribution of the tremor sources, an interferometric‐based polarization analysis was developed. The observed tremor locations indicate that the conduit beneath Steamboat is vertical and extends down to ∼120 m depth and the plumbing of Cistern includes a shallow vertical conduit connecting with a deep, large, and laterally offset reservoir ∼60 m southeast of the surface pool. No direct connection between Steamboat and Cistern plumbing structures is found. The temporal variation of tremor combined with in situ temperature and water depth measurements of Cistern reveals interaction between Steamboat and Cistern throughout the eruption/recharge cycles. The observed delayed responses of Cistern Spring in reaction to Steamboat eruptions and recharge suggest that the two plumbing structures may be connected through a fractured/porous medium instead of a direct open channel, consistent with our inferred plumbing structure.