Optimal Timing of Innovations
Optimal Timing of Innovations
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创新的最佳时机
DOI：
10.2307/1937928
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发表时间：
1968
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Yoram Barzel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yoram Barzel
文章表明，创新是诱导的，因为他们变得更有利可图的扩大产出。然而，由于两种相反力量的压力，用于创新活动的资源量通常不是最佳的。一方面，潜在创新者之间的竞争往往使这一数额过大，另一方面，创新者无法获得所有利益往往使这一数额过小。当所有的利益都被创新者获得时，要么就没有创新带来的经济增长，要么创新者就是这种增长的唯一受益者。当利益扩散时，创新总是会导致经济增长，但只有在纯粹巧合的情况下，它才会导致最大的增长，而这可能会因为过早或过晚引入创新而错过。如果创新引入得太晚，增长率总是正的。如果过早引入，它可能会降为零，如果创新活动得到补贴，它甚至会变成负数。
The article shows that innovations are induced, since they become more profitable with the expansion of output. The amount of resources devoted to innovating activity, however, is in general not the optimal one because of the pressure of two opposing forces. On the one hand, competition between potential innovators tends to make this amount too large, on the other, the inability of innovators to capture all the benefits tends to make the amount too small. When all benefits are captured by the innovator either there is no economic growth due to innovations or else innovators are the sole beneficiaries from that growth. When benefits are diffused the innovation will always lead to economic growth, but only by sheer coincidence will it lead to maximum growth, which may be missed because the innovation is introduced either too early or too late. The rate of growth is always positive if the innovation is introduced too late. It may fall to zero with too-early introduction or even become negative if innovational activity is subsidized.