Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Nonsmokers in New York City in the Context of Recent Tobacco Control Policies: Current Status, Changes Over the Past Decade, and National Comparisons
Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Nonsmokers in New York City in the Context of Recent Tobacco Control Policies: Current Status, Changes Over the Past Decade, and National Comparisons
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DOI：
10.1093/ntr/ntw135
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发表时间：
2016-11-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Thorpe, Lorna E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Perlman, Sharon E.;Chernov, Claudia;Thorpe, Lorna E.
接触二手烟是有害的，可能导致癌症、冠心病和出生缺陷。纽约市（NYC）和其他司法管辖区在过去10-15年中制定了无烟空气法。2013-2014年纽约市健康和营养检查调查（HANES）是对20岁及以上的纽约市居民进行的基于人群的调查，其中收集生物标本并测量可替宁水平。通过人口统计学和危险因素评估二手烟暴露，并与NYC HANES 2004和全国HANES进行比较，超过三分之一（37.1%，95%置信区间[CI] = 33.3%-41.2%）的非吸烟成年纽约人暴露于二手烟，定义为0.05- 10 ng/mL的可替宁水平。这显著低于2004年NYC HANES，当时56.7%（95% CI = 53.6%-59.7%）的非吸烟者暴露于二手烟，但高于全国HANES测量的全国成年人暴露比例（24.4%，95% CI = 22.0%-26.9%，2011-2012年）。男性、非西班牙裔黑人、20-39岁的成年人、受教育程度较低的人以及生活在高贫困社区的人更有可能接触二手烟。纽约市的二手烟接触率大幅下降，但差异依然存在。这一下降可能是成功的政策限制在公共场所接触二手烟和吸烟者每天吸烟量减少的结果。然而，纽约市居民仍然比美国居民整体经历更多的二手烟暴露。可能的解释包括多单元住宅、更大的人口密度和行人暴露。测量二手烟暴露可能很困难，很少有研究监测随着时间的推移而发生的变化。这项研究使用血清可替宁，尼古丁代谢物，从当地人口为基础的检查调查，纽约HANES 2013-2014，检查暴露于二手烟在城市地区，已实施严格的反吸烟法律。与10年前进行的纽约市HANES比较，可以评估过去十年在市政烟草控制政策方面的变化。研究结果可能有助于考虑实施类似烟草控制政策的司法管辖区。
Exposure to secondhand smoke is hazardous and can cause cancer, coronary heart disease, and birth defects. New York City (NYC) and other jurisdictions have established smoke-free air laws in the past 10-15 years.NYC Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES) 2013-2014 was a population-based survey of NYC residents, aged 20 years and older, in which biospecimens were collected and cotinine levels were measured. Secondhand smoke exposure was assessed by demographics and risk factors and compared with that from NYC HANES 2004 and national HANES.More than a third (37.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 33.3%-41.2%) of nonsmoking adult New Yorkers were exposed to secondhand smoke, defined as a cotinine level of 0.05-10ng/mL. This was significantly lower than in 2004 NYC HANES, when 56.7% (95% CI = 53.6%-59.7%) of nonsmokers were exposed to secondhand smoke, but was greater than the proportion of adults exposed nationwide, as measured by national HANES (24.4%, 95% CI = 22.0%-26.9% in 2011-2012). Men, non-Hispanic blacks, adults aged 20-39, those with less education, and those living in high-poverty neighborhoods were more likely to be exposed.There has been a large decrease in secondhand smoke exposure in NYC, although disparities persist. The decrease may be the result of successful policies to limit exposure to secondhand smoke in public places and of smokers smoking fewer cigarettes per day. Yet NYC residents still experience more secondhand smoke exposure than US residents overall. Possible explanations include multiunit housing, greater population density, and pedestrian exposure.Measuring exposure to secondhand smoke can be difficult, and few studies have monitored changes over time. This study uses serum cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, from a local population-based examination survey, the NYC HANES 2013-2014, to examine exposure to secondhand smoke in an urban area that has implemented stringent antismoking laws. Comparison with NYC HANES conducted 10 years ago allows for an assessment of changes in the last decade in the context of municipal tobacco control policies. Results may be helpful to jurisdictions considering implementing similar tobacco control policies.