A theoretical basis for investigating ambient air pollution and children's respiratory health
A theoretical basis for investigating ambient air pollution and children's respiratory health
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.99107s3403
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发表时间：
1999-06-01
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Gong, H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gilliland, FD;McConnell, R;Gong, H
暴露在当前环境臭氧浓度下对儿童的急性呼吸道健康影响已有充分记录；然而，关于二氧化氮和可吸入颗粒物等其他标准污染物的严重影响的证据并不一致。儿童期长期接触这些污染物是否会造成慢性影响是一个尚未解决的重要问题。确定儿童期接触造成的急性还是慢性影响并确定敏感亚组可能需要将肺防御、损伤和反应的生物学机制整合到研究设计和分析中使用的统计模型中。这篇综述根据我们当代对肺损伤机制和细胞和分子水平反应的理解，探讨了解释此类不良反应的理论基础。人们对空气污染对细胞和分子水平影响的认识迅速发展，这为开发和完善关于儿童接触空气污染的影响的创新生物学假设提供了机会。我们假设，水果和蔬菜摄入量低、抗氧化剂水平低、多不饱和脂肪摄入量高或遗传了涉及肺防御和免疫反应调节基因的某些等位基因的儿童可能面临更高的不良反应风险。由于对感兴趣的空气污染物的反应很复杂，并且涉及许多病理生理过程，因此饮食因素、基因和基因-环境相互作用的主要影响程度对个体来说可能是适度的；然而，每一种疾病都可能对增加可预防的呼吸道疾病的人口负担做出重要贡献。关键词：空气污染，儿童，二氧化氮，臭氧，颗粒物，呼吸系统健康流行病学。
Acute respiratory health effects in children from exposure at current ambient levels of ozone are well documented; however, evidence for acute effects from other criteria pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and respirable particles is inconsistent. Whether chronic effects result from long-term exposure to any of these pollutants during childhood is an important unresolved question. Establishing whether acute or chronic effects result from childhood exposure and identifying sensitive subgroups may require integration of biologic mechanisms of lung defenses, injury, and response into the study design and statistical models used in analyses. This review explores the theoretical basis for explaining such adverse effects in light of our contemporary understanding of mechanisms of lung injury and response at the cellular and molecular levels. The rapidly evolving understanding of the effects of air pollution on cellular and molecular levels presents an opportunity to develop and refine innovative biologically based hypotheses about the effects of childhood exposure. We hypothesize that children with low fruit and vegetable intake, low antioxidant levels, high polyunsaturated fat intake, or who have inherited certain alleles for genes involved in lung defenses and immune response regulation may be at increased risk for adverse effects. Because responses to air pollutants of interest are complex and involve a number of pathophysiologic processes, the magnitude of main effects of dietary factors, genes, and gene-environment interactions may be modest for individuals; however, each may make an important contribution to the population burden of preventable respiratory diseases. Key words: air pollution, children, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulates, respiratory health epidemiology.