Karakorum-Hindukush-western Himalaya: assessing high-altitude water resources
Karakorum-Hindukush-western Himalaya: assessing high-altitude water resources
复制标题
DOI：
10.1002/hyp.5887
复制
发表时间：
2005-08-15
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Yamout, H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Winiger, M;Gumpert, M;Yamout, H
中亚和南亚的高山为其邻近的低地提供灌溉用水。印度河灌溉计划大约50%的径流来自兴都库什东部、喀喇昆仑和喜马拉雅西部的融雪和冰川融化。《巴基斯坦地图集》显示，这些山脉的年降雨量在200至500转之间，这些降雨量通常来自山谷站，不代表高地地区。高海拔降雪似乎被忽视，显然仍然是相当未知的。来自4000米以上的累积坑径流的估计值范围从1000毫米到3000多转，这取决于调查的地点和时间，以及所应用的方法。这一方法将雪深和水当量的现场测量（从海拔1500米至4700米的自动气象站获得的10年时间序列）联系起来，雪覆盖的空间分布和时间（遥感数据和数字高程模型），以及来自雪或雪/冰覆盖流域的河流的径流特征（改进的融雪径流模型，包括中间降雪和冰川径流），并在保守假设的基础上计算了垂直变化的季节性液态和固态降水的比例。利用一个联合的积雪和消融模型，得出了不同海拔地区的年降水总量。大量的模拟和测量径流补充调查。沿着Indus-Gilgit-Hunza样带的水平梯度表明季节性降水状况的变化优势南迦帕尔巴特以南，南迦帕尔巴特和巴图拉墙之间（季风、地中海和大陆扰动）（=西喀喇昆仑降雨状况：5000米处1500-1800转年（-1））和巴图拉以北地区（=中亚降雨情况：在5000米处类似于600毫米年（-1））。版权所有（c）2005年约翰威利父子有限公司。
The high mountains of Central and South Asia provide irrigation water for their adjacent lowlands. The Indus Irrigation Scheme depends on approximately 50% of its runoff originating from snowmelt and glacier melt from the eastern Hindukush, Karakorum and western Himalaya. The Atlas of Pakistan indicates that these mountains gain a total annual rainfall of between 200 and 500 turn, amounts that are generally derived from valley-based stations and not representative for elevated zones. High-altitude snowfall seems to be neglected and is obviously still rather unknown. Estimates derived from accumulation pits runoff above 4000 m range from 1000 mm to more than 3000 turn, depending on the site and time of investigation, as well as on the method applied.To assess the vertical spatio-temporal distribution of total annual precipitation, a combined approach is presented. This approach links in situ measurements of snow depth and water equivalent (10-year time series derived from automatic weather stations at elevations between 1500 and 4700 m a.s.l.), the spatial distribution and period of snow coverage (remotely sensed data and digital elevation models), and the runoff characteristics of streams originating from snow or snow/ice-covered watersheds (modified snowmelt runoff model, including intermediate snowfall and glacier runoff).Based on conservative assumptions, the vertically changing seasonal ratio between liquid and solid precipitation is calculated. Using a combined snow cover and ablation model, total annual amounts of precipitation are derived for different altitudinal zones. Amounts of modelled and measured runoff complement the investigation. Horizontal gradients along the Indus-Gilgit-Hunza transect indicate the varying dominance of seasonal precipitation regimes (monsoonal, Mediterranean and continental disturbances) south of Nanga Parbat, between Nanga Parbat and Batura Wall (=West Karakorum rainfall regime: 1500-1800 turn year(-1) at 5000 m) and areas north of Batura (=Central Asian rainfall regime: similar to 600 mm year(-1) at 5000 m). Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.