Astrocytes: The Housekeepers and Guardians of the CNS.
Astrocytes: The Housekeepers and Guardians of the CNS.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_2
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发表时间：
2021
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星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中的一组不同的细胞。它们是外胚层、神经上皮起源的，并且在形态和功能上不同，然而，它们可以被统称为具有以下主要功能的细胞：在所有组织水平维持中枢神经系统的稳态，包括离子、pH和神经递质的稳态;为神经元提供代谢底物;支持少突胶质细胞和轴突;调节突触发生、神经发生以及血脑屏障的形成和维持;促进胶质淋巴系统的运作;以及作为氧、CO2和Na+的中心化学传感器调节全身稳态。它们的基本生理特征显示缺乏电兴奋性（不适于产生动作电位），而是显示基于胞质Ca 2+和Na+浓度变化的相当活跃的兴奋性。神经递质受体、泵和转运蛋白在其质膜上的表达，连同内质网和线粒体上的转运蛋白一起沿着精细地调节这些离子的胞质水平，其波动是大多数（如果不是全部）星形胶质细胞稳态功能的基础。
Astroglia are a diverse group of cells in the central nervous system. They are of the ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin and vary in morphology and function, yet, they can be collectively defined as cells having principle function to maintain homeostasis of the central nervous system at all levels of organisation, including homeostasis of ions, pH and neurotransmitters; supplying neurones with metabolic substrates; supporting oligodendrocytes and axons; regulating synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier; contributing to operation of the glymphatic system; and regulation of systemic homeostasis being central chemosensors for oxygen, CO2and Na+. Their basic physiological features show a lack of electrical excitability (inapt to produce action potentials), but display instead a rather active excitability based on variations in cytosolic concentrations of Ca2+and Na+. It is expression of neurotransmitter receptors, pumps and transporters at their plasmalemma, along with transports on the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria that exquisitely regulate the cytosolic levels of these ions, the fluctuation of which underlies most, if not all, astroglial homeostatic functions.