Human subthalamic nucleus activity during non-motor decision making.
Human subthalamic nucleus activity during non-motor decision making.
复制标题
在非运动决策过程中，人丘脑核核活性。
DOI：
10.7554/elife.31007
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发表时间：
2017-12-15
期刊：
影响因子：
7.7
通讯作者：
Zaghloul KA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zavala BA;Jang AI;Zaghloul KA
最近的研究表明，丘脑底核（subthalamic nucleus，简称丘脑底核）参与了抑制运动的决定。然而，我们在日常生活中做出的许多决定并不涉及任何运动动作。我们通过记录参与者执行一项新任务（要求他们决定是否将项目编码到工作记忆中）的术中脑电和前额叶皮层（PFC）电生理来研究非运动决策。在所有的编码试验中，β带（15-30 Hz）的活动减少在大脑皮层和PFC，这种减少是逐步加强更多的项目存储到工作记忆。至关重要的是，在试验中，参与者被指示不要编码所呈现的刺激时，前额叶和外侧PFC β的减少显著减弱。这些变化与增加的侧PFC-ESTA相干性和改变ESTA神经元尖峰。我们的研究结果揭示了为什么改变基底神经节活动的状态会破坏运动功能和认知。我应该跑去赶公共汽车，还是等下一班？决定是否移动可能是我们生活中常见的一部分，但我们每天做出的许多决定并不涉及任何身体活动，例如决定某件事是否重要。但是，大脑是否能区分涉及运动的决定和不涉及运动的决定呢？先前的研究表明，一群被称为基底神经节的神经元和这些神经元中被称为丘脑底核的区域在涉及活动的运动和决策中起着关键作用。基底神经节与大脑中的其他区域广泛相连，如前额叶皮层，这对决策和形成相关记忆很重要。因此，科学家们认为，基底神经节也可能在做出不涉及运动的决定方面发挥作用，例如决定是否注意并形成相关记忆。事实上，在帕金森病患者中-一种损害大脑部分并影响其运动的疾病-身体损害的程度与他们的记忆缺陷相关。为了验证这一点，Zavala等人记录了帕金森病患者的丘脑底核和前额叶皮层的活动，同时他们执行了一项任务，要求他们决定是否记住某事。这些记录是在患者接受“深部脑刺激手术”时拍摄的，该手术用于治疗帕金森氏症的症状。结果显示，在任务期间，这两个区域的大脑活动都有所下降。这是当人们做运动时通常会发生的事情，但在这种情况下，这些减少甚至发生在人们没有移动而只是形成记忆的情况下。此外，研究人员还向受试者展示了需要记住的特定项目和需要忘记的其他项目。当他们看到要忘记的东西时，活动又恢复到原来的水平。当个体决定停止运动时，也观察到类似的活动模式。这证实了丘脑底核在决策过程中发挥作用，并表明该区域参与决策，即使它们不涉及运动。充分了解丘脑底核和基底神经节的作用将有助于我们理解为什么基底神经节活动的变化会导致帕金森病中的记忆和运动缺陷。
Recent studies have implicated the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in decisions that involve inhibiting movements. Many of the decisions that we make in our daily lives, however, do not involve any motor actions. We studied non-motor decision making by recording intraoperative STN and prefrontal cortex (PFC) electrophysiology as participants perform a novel task that required them to decide whether to encode items into working memory. During all encoding trials, beta band (15–30 Hz) activity decreased in the STN and PFC, and this decrease was progressively enhanced as more items were stored into working memory. Crucially, the STN and lateral PFC beta decrease was significantly attenuated during the trials in which participants were instructed not to encode the presented stimulus. These changes were associated with increase lateral PFC-STN coherence and altered STN neuronal spiking. Our results shed light on why states of altered basal ganglia activity disrupt both motor function and cognition. Should I run to catch the bus, or wait for the next one? Deciding whether or not to move may be a common part of our life, but many decisions we make every day do not involve any physical activity, such as deciding whether something is important or not. But does the brain distinguish between decisions involving movement and those without? Previous research has shown that a cluster of neurons called the basal ganglia and a region within these clusters called the subthalamic nucleus play a critical role in both movement and decision-making that involves activity. The basal ganglia are widely connected to other regions in the brain such as the prefrontal cortex, which is important for decision making and forming associated memories. Therefore, scientists think that the basal ganglia may also play a role in making decisions that do not involve movement, such as deciding whether to pay attention and form relevant memories. Indeed, in patients with Parkinson’s disease – a condition that damages parts of the brain and affects their movement – the degree of physical impairment correlates with their memory deficits. To test this, Zavala et al. recorded the activity of the subthalamic nucleus and the prefrontal cortex of patients with Parkinson's disease while they performed a task that required them to decide whether to remember something or not. The recordings were taken as the patients underwent ‘deep brain stimulation surgery’, which is used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson’s. The results showed that brain activity in both regions decreased during the task. This is what normally happens when people make movements, but in this case, these decreases occurred even when individuals were not moving and instead just formed memories. In addition, individuals were presented with specific items to remember and others to forget. When they were presented with items to forget, the activity rebounded back to its original levels. Similar activity patterns have also been observed when individuals decided to stop a movement. This confirms that the subthalamic nucleus plays a role in decision-making and shows that this area is involved in decisions, even when they do not involve a movement. A full understanding of the purpose of the subthalamic nucleus and basal ganglia will help us understand why changes in the activity of basal ganglia leads to the memory and movement deficits seen in Parkinson’s disease.