Resistant rock layers amplify cosmogenically‐determined erosion rates

Resistant rock layers amplify cosmogenically‐determined erosion rates
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坚固的岩层放大了宇宙成因确定的侵蚀率

DOI:
10.1002/esp.4730
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发表时间:
2020
影响因子:
3.3
通讯作者:
Heimsath, Arjun
Heimsath, Arjun
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Darling, Andrew;Whipple, Kelin;Bierman, Paul;Clarke, Brian;Heimsath, Arjun

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先前的数值模拟工作表明,即使基准面下降是稳定和持续的,切割到具有可变可蚀性的近水平层状地层也会导致不均匀的侵蚀速率。在地层层序中较坚固的岩石中形成的悬崖带的侵蚀速率可以大大超过基准面下降的速率。当下游沉积物中的石英主要来源于较强的悬崖形成单元时,根据碎屑沉积物中宇宙成因铍-10(10 Be)的浓度估计的侵蚀速率将反映后退悬崖带中的局部高侵蚀速率。我们推导出了由流功率切割模型描述的阈值山坡和通道的理论关系,作为基准面下降速率以上的10 Be衍生侵蚀速率放大的潜在幅度的定量指南。我们的分析预测,侵蚀速率放大的程度是一个函数的层理倾角和岩石可蚀性的比例交替强和弱层的渠道网络,或悬崖的比例,在门槛山坡上的干预斜坡坡度。我们在美国犹他州南部的大楼梯的悬崖和长凳景观中测试我们的预测。我们发现,该景观中的碎屑宇宙成因侵蚀速率(中位数为300 m/Ma)明显高于基准面下降速率(约75 m/Ma),基准面下降速率由干流进入沿着16 km河道的约0.6 Ma玄武岩流的切割速率确定。我们从近地表P波速度测量中推断出岩石强度的3-6倍范围。中位10 Be侵蚀速率和长期基准面下降速率之间的大约四倍差异与我们的模型和观察结果一致,即该景观中较强的悬崖形成岩性是碎屑沉积物中石英的主要来源。© 2020约翰威利父子有限公司
Prior numerical modeling work has suggested that incision into sub‐horizontal layered stratigraphy with variable erodibility induces non‐uniform erosion rates even if base‐level fall is steady and sustained. Erosion rates of cliff bands formed in the stronger rocks in a stratigraphic sequence can greatly exceed the rate of base‐level fall. Where quartz in downstream sediment is sourced primarily from the stronger, cliff‐forming units, erosion rates estimated from concentrations of cosmogenic beryllium‐10 (10Be) in detrital sediment will reflect the locally high erosion rates in retreating cliff bands. We derive theoretical relationships for threshold hillslopes and channels described by the stream‐power incision model as a quantitative guide to the potential magnitude of this amplification of10Be‐derived erosion rates above the rate of base‐level fall. Our analyses predict that the degree of erosion rate amplification is a function of bedding dip and either the ratio of rock erodibility in alternating strong and weak layers in the channel network, or the ratio of cliff to intervening‐slope gradient on threshold hillslopes. We test our predictions in the cliff‐and‐bench landscape of the Grand Staircase in southern Utah, USA. We show that detrital cosmogenic erosion rates in this landscape are significantly higher (median 300 m/Ma) than the base‐level fall rate (~75 m/Ma) determined from the incision rate of a trunk stream into a ~0.6 Ma basalt flow emplaced along a 16 km reach of the channel. We infer a 3–6‐fold range in rock strength from near‐surface P‐wave velocity measurements. The approximately four‐fold difference between the median10Be‐derived erosion rate and the long‐term rate of base‐level fall is consistent with our model and the observation that the stronger, cliff‐forming lithologies in this landscape are the primary source of quartz in detrital sediments. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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