Heterogeneous catalysis for production of value-added chemicals from biomass
Heterogeneous catalysis for production of value-added chemicals from biomass
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DOI：
10.1039/b712664f
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发表时间：
2009-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Christensen, Claus Hviid
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Egeblad, Kresten;Rass-Hansen, Jeppe;Christensen, Claus Hviid
我们周围的几乎所有事物在某种程度上都是受控化学过程的产物。这要么是在自然界中进行的化学过程，要么是在化学工业中进行的化学过程。事实上，在世界上最发达的地区，化学工业的产品完全主宰了我们的日常生活。这些产品范围从燃料和化肥到塑料和药品。 1 为了使这些产品得到广泛应用，化学工业在上个世纪投入了大量资源，发展到目前的水平，使其成为全球最大的工业、当代社会的基石，也是全球经济进一步增长的平台。 2, 3 可以说，化学工业的巨大成功可归因于几乎无限的廉价化石资源的可用性，以及不断增加的催化剂和催化过程的数量，使有效地将化石资源转化为所有所需的化合物和材料成为可能。因此，全球生产的燃料和化学品95%以上来自化石资源，化工行业60%以上的流程和90%以上的产品在某种程度上依赖于催化。据估计，工业化国家 20-30% 的生产直接依赖于催化技术。 4 因此，毫不奇怪的是，我们不断扩展我们已经非常丰富的催化经验知识，以进一步提高现有催化剂和工艺的效率，发现利用可用资源的全新方法，并降低人类活动对环境的影响。 5 由于 20 世纪化石资源极其重要，迄今为止，大多数催化研究工作都关注将这些资源转化为增值燃料和化学品。然而，有迹象表明，轻松获取廉价化石资源（尤其是原油）的时代即将结束。资源当然是有限的，而世界各地的需求正在迅速增长。与此同时，越来越明显的是，化石资源的使用所产生的CO 2 排放正威胁着地球的气候。这使得基于可再生资源的化学工业的发展成为 21 世纪最重要的挑战之一。这个挑战有两个不同的方面。一是发现和开发使用可再生资源以可接受的成本提供足够数量的合适能源载体的方法，并且对环境的影响最小。另一个是发现和开发新方法来提供维持现代社会所需的所有化学品。尽管有几种可能的能源情景不涉及含碳能源货币，但实际上不可能设想如何在不广泛依赖含碳化合物的情况下提供所需的化学品和材料。因此，要发展不依赖化石资源的化学工业，替代的碳源只有两种，那就是CO 2 和生物质。由于将CO 2 转化为有用的化学品总是需要大量的能量输入，并且由于它通常只能以微小的浓度获得，因此利用生物质作为化学工业的主要原料似乎很有吸引力。通过这种方式，可以收集来自太阳的能量输入，这些能量通过光合作用储存在生物质的 C-C、C-H、C-O 和 O-H 键中。显然，化石的转变......
Almost everything around us is in some way a product of controlled chemical processes. That is either chemical processes conducted in Nature or chemical processes conducted in the chemical industry. In the most developed parts of the World, it is in fact products from the chemical industry that completely dominate our everyday lives. These products range from fuels and fertilizers to plastics and pharmaceuticals. 1 To make these products widely available, a huge amount of resources have been invested during the last century to develop the chemical industry to its current level where it is the largest industry worldwide, a cornerstone of contemporary society, and also a platform for further global economic growth. 2, 3 It can be argued that the enormous success of the chemical industry can be attributed to the almost unlimited availability of inexpensive fossil resources, and to a continuously increasing number of catalysts and catalytic processes that make it possible to efficiently transform the fossil resources into all the required compounds and materials. Accordingly, more than 95% of the fuels and chemicals produced worldwide are derived from fossil resources, and more than 60% of the processes and 90% of the products in chemical industry somehow rely on catalysis. It has been estimated that 20–30% of the production in the industrialized world is directly dependent on catalytic technology. 4 Therefore, it is not surprising that we are continuously expanding our already vast empirical knowledge about catalysis to further improve the efficiency of existing catalysts and processes, to discover entirely new ways of valorizing available resources, and to lower the environmental impact of human activities. 5 Due to the overwhelming importance of fossil resources during the 20th century, most catalysis research efforts have, so far, concerned the conversion of these resources into value-added fuels and chemicals. There are, however, indications that the era of easy access to inexpensive fossil resources, especially crude oil, is coming to an end. The resources are certainly limited and the demand from everywhere in the world is growing rapidly. At the same time, it is becoming increasingly clear that the emission of CO 2 that follows the use of fossil resources is threatening the climate of the Earth. Together this makes the development of a chemical industry based on renewable resources one of the most important challenges of the 21th century.This challenge has two different facets. One is the discovery and development of methods to use renewable resources to supply suitable energy carriers, in sufficient quantities at acceptable costs, and with minimal impact on the environment. The other is the discovery and development of new ways to provide all the chemicals needed to sustain a modern society. Whereas there are several possible energy scenarios that do not involve carbon-containing energy currencies, it is in fact impossible to envisage how it should be possible to provide the required chemicals and materials without relying extensively on carbon-containing compounds. Thus, to develop a chemical industry that does not depend on fossil resources, there are only two alternative carbon sources and that is CO 2 and biomass. Since transformation of CO 2 into useful chemicals always requires a significant energy input and since it is usually only available in minute concentrations, it appears attractive to instead utilize biomass as the dominant feedstock for chemical industry. In this way, it is possible to harvest the energy input from the Sun that is stored by photosynthesis in the C–C, C–H, C–O, and O–H bonds of the biomass. Clearly, a shift from fossil …