Studies on the Water Flow in Spiral Fishways Using Computer Simulations
Studies on the Water Flow in Spiral Fishways Using Computer Simulations
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螺旋鱼道水流的计算机模拟研究
DOI：
10.1007/s10886-006-9124-x
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发表时间：
1995
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
H. Hayashi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Y. Suwa;S. Hosono;H. Hayashi
比较了凤蝶族8种燕尾4龄和5龄(末龄)的分泌物的化学成分。4种(Papilio demolus，P.Polytes，P.paris，P.Macilentus)是亚洲十字花科食性燕尾。其他4种(Chilasa epcydes、C.agestor、P.troilus和P.Glaucus)代表了较远的Papilionini分支和其他植物科中有幼虫寄主的物种。我们对6种植物进行了定量分析，但只对P。绿豆草C.阿吉斯特。在所有8种昆虫中，无论是何种寄主，4龄幼虫的分泌物主要由单烯和倍半萜组成，而5龄幼虫的分泌物主要由脂肪酸及其酯类组成。与早期的发现一致，我们的结果表明，这种在其他部落中没有见过的“异质”渗透化学模式，可能是Papilionini作为一个整体的特征。与大多数种类不同的是，幼虫的4龄和5龄在体色上是相似的。因此，异质的渗透膜图案并不一定与蝶形幼虫的颜色变化有关。从6种4龄幼虫分泌物中鉴定出的主要萜类化合物为：α-品烯、莎宾烯、β-月桂烯、柠檬烯、β-水仙烯、(Z)-β-罗勒烯、(E)-β-罗勒烯、对-薄荷-1，4(8)-二烯、β-榄香烯、β-丁香烯、(E)-β-法尼烯、(3Z，6E)-α-法尼烯、(Z)-α-双异物烯、香叶烯-A、(E)-α-双异物烯和香叶烯-B。不同物种的图谱在质量和数量上都不同，某些物种还分泌较大比例的3-羟基-正丁酸甲酯和含氧倍半萜。五龄幼虫的分泌物由不同比例的异丁酸、2-甲基丁酸和醋酸以及异丁酸甲酯和乙酸乙酯(次要)组成。鱼群中渗透化学的异质性可能代表了化学防御的微调，以应对随着幼虫年龄和生长而转移的捕食压力。
We compared the chemical compositions of the osmeterial secretions of fourth and fifth (last) instars of eight swallowtail species of the tribe Papilionini. Four species (Papilio demoleus, P. polytes, P. paris, andP. macilentus) are Asian Rutaceae-feeding swallowtails. The other four (Chilasa epicydes,C. agestor,P. troilus, andP. glaucus) represent more distant clades within the Papilionini and species with larval hosts in other plant families. We conducted a quantitative analysis for six species, but only qualitative analysis forP. glaucusandC. agestor. In all eight species, regardless of larval host plant, secretions of the fourth instar principally consisted of mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, whereas those of the fifth instar comprised aliphatic acids and their esters. Consistent with earlier findings, our results suggest that this “heterogeneous” pattern of osmeterial chemistry, not seen in other tribes, may characterize the Papilionini as a whole. Unlike those of mostPapiliospecies, the fourth and fifth instars ofChilasaspecies resemble each other in body coloration. Thus, the heterogeneous osmeterial pattern is not necessarily associated with color change in papilionid larvae. The major terpenoids identified in fourth instar larval secretions from the six species were α-pinene, sabinene, β-myrcene, limonene, β-phellandrene, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene,p-mentha-1,4(8)-diene, β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, (E)-β-farnesene, (3Z,6E)-α-farnesene, (Z)-α-bisabolene, germacrene-A, (E)-α-bisabolene, and germacrene-B. The profiles for individual species differed both qualitatively and quantitatively from one another, and certain species also secreted methyl 3-hydroxy-n-butyrate and oxygenated sesquiterpenes in relatively large proportions. Secretions from fifth instars were composed of varying proportions of isobutyric, 2-methylbutyric, and acetic acids, and methyl and ethyl (minor) esters of both isobutyric and 2-methylbutyric acids. The heterogeneity of osmeterial chemistry in the tribe Papilionini may represent fine-tuning of chemical defense in response to shifting predation pressures as the larvae age and grow.