Natural Selection of Optimal Reproductive Tactics
Natural Selection of Optimal Reproductive Tactics
复制标题
最佳生殖策略的自然选择
DOI：
10.1093/icb/16.4.775
复制
发表时间：
1976
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
E. Pianka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Pianka
通过不同的生殖成功，自然选择产生了各种各样的现有生殖策略，每一种策略都可能对应于一个局部最优，使单个有机体在其特定环境中的一生生殖成功最大化。关于所谓的繁殖“策略”的理论体系尚未与关于最佳觅食策略的独立理论框架充分相关。简要讨论了动物通过觅食输入的物质和能量与使用这些相同材料的后代的输出之间的一些可能的相互作用和限制。例如，储存和利用脂质允许有机体在不适合成功繁殖的时期收集和隔离物质和能量，但使有机体能够在更晚、更令人满意的时间消耗这些物质。觅食和繁殖之间的这种相互作用导致了一种时间上的整合，这使得在不同环境中对生殖努力(当前对种子、卵或后代的投资)的估计变得非常复杂。最优生殖策略使个体在每个年龄段的生殖价值最大化(所有现在的总和加上所有未来后代的预期可能数量)。生殖努力应与剩余生殖价值(对未来后代的期望)成反比；此外，当前后代与未来后代之间权衡的确切形式本身对包括资源可获得性和生殖和生存的直接环境条件在内的多种环境影响敏感，这决定了任何给定年龄的最佳策略。给出并讨论了最优繁殖策略的简单图解模型。最后，指出了未来工作的一些有希望的方向，以及一些潜在的困难。
Acting through differential reproductive success, natural selection has produced a great diversity of existing reproductive tactics, each of which presumably corresponds to a local optimum that maximizes an individual organism's lifetime reproductive success in its particular environment. A body of theory on so-called reproductive “strategies” has yet to be adequately related to an independent theoretical framework on optimal foraging tactics. Some of the possible interactions and constraints between an animal's input of matter and energy via foraging and its output in offspring using these same materials are briefly considered. For example, storage and utilization of lipids allow an organism to gather and sequester matter and energy during a period that is not suitable for successful reproduction, but enable the organism to expend those materials at a later, more satisfactory time. Such interactions between foraging and reproduction lead to a sort of temporal integration, which greatly complicates estimation of reproductive effort (current investment in seed, eggs, or progeny) in variable environments. An optimal reproductive tactic maximizes an individual's reproductive value (the sum of all present plus the expected probable number of all future offspring) at every age. Reproductive effort should vary inversely with residual reproductive value (expectation of future offspring); moreover, the precise form of the trade-off between present offspring versus future progeny, which is itself sensitive to a multitude of environmental influences including resource availability and the immediate environmental conditions for reproduction and survival, dictates the optimal tactic at any given age. Simple graphical models of optimal reproductive tactics are presented and discussed. Finally, some promising directions for future work, as well as certain potential difficulties, are noted.