Particulate matter and daily mortality and hospital admissions in the west midlands conurbation of the United Kingdom: associations with fine and coarse particles, black smoke and sulphate
Particulate matter and daily mortality and hospital admissions in the west midlands conurbation of the United Kingdom: associations with fine and coarse particles, black smoke and sulphate
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DOI：
10.1136/oem.58.8.504
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发表时间：
2001-08-01
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Walters, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Anderson, HR;Bremner, SA;Walters, S
目的-有相当多的证据将空气动力学直径< 10 μ m的颗粒物（PM10）与每日死亡率和住院率联系起来，但尚不清楚颗粒混合物的物理或化学成分。细颗粒物的相对影响（PM2.5），粗颗粒物（PM2.5-10），黑烟（主要是原生细颗粒）和硫酸盐（主要是次级来源的细颗粒物），以及臭氧，SO2，NO2和CO，英国西米德兰兹都市圈的每日死亡率和住院人数。方法-获得了1994- 1996年期间的健康结果和环境数据的时间序列。采用回归技术估计死亡或住院的相对风险，控制长期时间趋势、季节性模式、流感流行、一周中某一天的影响以及温度和湿度。对模型进行任何剩余的序列相关性和过度离散调整。污染的影响，包括第二污染物和季节的相互作用（温暖或凉爽）的估计的敏感性也examined.Results -每日所有原因的死亡率与任何气体或颗粒空气污染物在全年分析，虽然所有措施的颗粒除了PM2.5-10显示出显着的积极影响的温暖的季节。呼吸系统和心血管系统的入院与任何空气污染物都没有关系，也没有重要的季节性相互作用。然而，按年龄对入院进行的分析发现了各种相关性的证据，特别是在0-14岁年龄组中，PM、PM2.5、黑烟、SO2和臭氧（阴性）与呼吸道入院之间。粗粒级PM2.5-10与PM2.5的不同之处在于具有较小且不太一致的关联（包括几个大的显著负关联）和不同的滞后分布。黑烟（细初级碳质颗粒的指标）的结果与PM的结果非常相似，并且在两种污染物模型中往往更加稳健。硫酸盐的影响，二次颗粒物的指标，也表现出一些相似之处，PM2.5.Conclusions -空气污染对死亡率和住院率的明确影响很难辨别，除了在某些年龄或诊断亚组和季节性分析。也很难区分不同的颗粒测量方法。在这些限制的结果表明，PM的活性成分，主要驻留在细馏分，这主要是由于初级颗粒从燃烧（主要是车辆）源与二次颗粒的贡献。不能排除粗粒级的影响。
Objectives-There is considerable evidence linking ambient particles measured as particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 mum (PM10) to daily mortality and hospital admissions but it is not clear which physical or chemical components of the particle mixture are responsible. The relative effects of fine particles (PM2.5), coarse particles (PM2.5-10), black smoke (mainly fine particles of primary origin) and sulphate (mainly fine particles of secondary origin) were investigated, together with ozone, SO2, NO2, and CO, on daily mortality and hospital admissions in the west Midlands conurbation of the United Kingdom.Methods - Time series of health outcome and environmental data were obtained for the period 1994-6. The relative risk of death or hospital admission was estimated with regression techniques, controlling for long term time trends, seasonal patterns, influenza epidemics, effects of day of the week, and temperature and humidity. Models were adjusted for any remaining residual serial correlation and overdispersion. The sensitivities of the estimates for the effects of pollution to the inclusion of a second pollutant and seasonal interactions (warm or cool) were also examined.Results - Daily all cause mortality was not associated with any gaseous or particulate air pollutant in the all year analysis, although all measures of particles apart from PM2.5-10 showed significant positive effects of the warm season. Neither respiratory nor cardiovascular admissions tall ages) were associated with any air pollutant, and there were no important seasonal interactions. However, analysis of admissions by age found evidence for various associations-notably between PM,,, PM2.5, black smoke, SO2, and ozone (negative) and respiratory admissions in the 0-14 age group. The coarse fraction, PM2.5-10 differed from PM2.5 in having smaller and less consistent associations (including several large significant negative associations) and a different lag distribution. The results for black smoke, an indicator of fine primary carbonaceous particles, were very similar to those for PM and tended to be more robust in two pollutant models. The effects of sulphate, an indicator of secondary particles, also showed some similarities to those of PM2.5.Conclusions - Clear effects of air pollution on mortality and hospital admissions were difficult to discern except in certain age or diagnostic subgroups and seasonal analyses. It was also difficult to distinguish between different measures of particles. Within these limitations the results suggest that the active component of PM,, resides mostly in the fine fraction and that this is due mainly to primary particles from combustion (mainly vehicle) sources with a contribution from secondary particles. Effects of the coarse fraction cannot be excluded.