Using Language as a Weapon: Verbal Manifestations of Contemporary Anti-Semitism

Using Language as a Weapon: Verbal Manifestations of Contemporary Anti-Semitism
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使用语言作为武器:当代反犹太主义的口头表现

DOI:
10.1057/9781137478382_6
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发表时间:
2015
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Schwarz-Friesel
Schwarz-Friesel
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Schwarz-Friesel

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162传播权力对犹太人社会歧视的影响(Low 1979; Poliakov 1985; Laqueur 2006)。此外,它还通过各种侮辱和虐待犹太人的话语表达出来(Hortzitz 2005)。口头上的反犹太主义是一种语言使用形式,它(重新)产生对犹太人的偏见,并使对犹太人的厌恶情绪持续存在:在这方面,口头上的反犹太主义是一种对犹太人的精神暴力形式,通过使用语言来歧视和冒犯他们。他们歪曲了犹太人的负面形象,这与事实毫无关系。集体和普遍敌人的概念被确立,或者更确切地说,是被建构起来的。基本上,反犹太主义在概念上是基于(非常古老的)刻板印象,主要通过语言手段进行交流。事实上,语言在激活和重新激活对犹太人的反感中确实起着至关重要的作用,因为语言结构不仅构建了犹太人作为正常社会之外的奇怪和邪恶生物的概念,而且还通过重复使用某些语言模式不断地复制这些概念。对犹太人的偏见在历史上被保留了下来,并通过语言转移到现代话语中,而不考虑后果。当犹太人被描述为野兽(Unmenschen)、魔鬼(Teufel)、恶魔或怪物(Unholde)时,中世纪的主题就会出现;他们被描述为贪婪的夏洛克或奸商(geldgierige Wucherer)、狡猾的阴谋家(hinterhältige Verschwörer)和复仇心切的受益者(rachs<s:1> chtige Nutznießer),因此在道德上被贬低了。说他们奇怪(fremed)、傲慢(halsstarrig)、固执(halsstarrig)和不同(anders)意味着歧视他们是少数,与被认为是“正常”的多数人站在对立面。用诸如历史上的返祖现象(historischer Atavismus),奇怪而残酷的仪式(野蛮的,seltsam),否认基督教唯一真正的信仰(den wahren Glauben negierend)等词汇来描述犹太教,与将其作为宗教合法化密切相关。因此,对犹太人的敌意可以被视为世界上最古老的仇恨(Wistrich 1991,2010)。不断接受这些充满陈词滥调的话语可能会导致有意识或无意识地激活和永久存储记忆中的心智模型,犹太人填补了敌人的插槽(Befu 1999)。一个人的整个世界观都可能受到这种反犹太主义信仰体系的影响。犹太人仇恨的语义可能和身体暴力一样致命。然而,往往缺乏对口头反犹太主义力量的批判性反思。反犹主义在今天呈上升趋势:对犹太人的辱骂和歧视不仅出现在右翼圈子中,也出现在社会主流中(Schwarz-Friesel 2010)。这已经
162 The Exercise of Power in Communication to social discrimination of Jews in society (Low 1979, Poliakov 1985, Laqueur 2006). Moreover, it has been articulated through manifold utterances that stigmatize and abuse Jews (Hortzitz 2005). Verbal anti-Semitism is a form of language use that (re) produces prejudice against Jews and keeps Judaeophobic antipathy alive: verbal anti-Semitism, in this respect, is a form of mental violence against Jews by using language in order to discriminate against and to offend them. A distorted negative picture of Jews is made up that has nothing to do with facts. The concept of a collective and universal enemy is established, or rather constructed. Basically, anti-Semitism is conceptually based on (very old) stereotypes that are communicated mainly through the means of language. In fact, language does play a crucial role in activating and reactivating Judaeophobic antipathy, since verbal constructions not only construct conceptualizations of Jews as strange and evil creatures outside normal society, but they also continually reproduce them by the repetitive use of certain linguistic patterns. Prejudice against Jews has been preserved historically down the ages, and by the means of language transported to modern discourse without reflecting on the consequences. Medieval motifs show up when Jews are described and demonized as brutes (Unmenschen), devils (Teufel) and fiends or monsters (Unholde); they are characterized as greedy Shylocks or profiteers (geldgierige Wucherer), sly conspirators (hinterhältige Verschwörer) and vengeful beneficiaries (rachsüchtige Nutznießer), and hence are morally devalued. Calling them strange (fremd), arrogant, stubborn (halsstarrig) and different (anders) means discriminating them as a minority that stands opposite to the majority considered ‘normal’. Describing Judaism with lexemes such as historical atavism (historischer Atavismus), strange and brutal ritual (brutal, seltsam), denying the only true faith of Christianity (den wahren Glauben negierend) goes hand in hand with delegitimizing it as a religion. Thus, hostility against Jews can be regarded as the oldest hatred in the world (Wistrich 1991, 2010). The continuous reception of such cliché-ridden utterances may lead to the conscious or unconscious activation and permanent storage of mental models in memory in which Jews fill the slot of the enemy (Befu 1999). The whole world view of a person can be influenced by such anti-Semitic belief systems. The semantics of Jew hatred can be as lethal as physical violence.Very often, however, critical reflection of the power of verbal anti-Semitism is lacking. Anti-Semitism is on the rise today: verbal abuse and discrimination of Jews not only show up within right-wing circles, but also in the mainstream of society (Schwarz-Friesel 2010). This has
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DOI: 10.4324/9781315842103
发表时间: 1980
影响因子: 1.4
作者:
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期刊: Verletzende Worte
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DOI: 10.5860/choice.48-1627
发表时间: 2009
期刊: Verletzende Worte
影响因子: --
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