Altruistic punishment in humans
Altruistic punishment in humans
复制标题
DOI：
10.1038/415137a
复制
发表时间：
2002-01-10
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Gächter, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fehr, E;Gächter, S
人类的合作是一个进化的难题。与其他生物不同，人类经常与基因无关的陌生人合作，通常是在大群体中，与他们再也不会见面的人合作，并且当声誉收益很小或没有时。这些合作模式不能用亲属选择进化理论中的裙带关系动机和信号理论或互惠利他主义理论中的自私动机来解释。在这里，我们通过实验表明，利他惩罚叛逃者是解释合作的一个关键动机。利他主义的惩罚意味着个人进行惩罚，尽管这种惩罚对他们来说代价高昂，而且不会产生任何物质收益。我们表明，如果利他主义的惩罚是可能的，合作会失败，如果它被排除。证据表明，对叛逃者的负面情绪是利他惩罚背后的直接机制。这些结果表明，未来的人类合作的进化研究应该包括一个强有力的重点解释利他惩罚。
Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment.