Walled Settlements, Buffer Zones, and Human Decapitation in the Acari Valley, Peru
Walled Settlements, Buffer Zones, and Human Decapitation in the Acari Valley, Peru
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秘鲁阿卡里谷的围墙定居点、缓冲区和人头斩首
DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
0.7
通讯作者：
L. Valdez
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Valdez
砍下的人头是秘鲁南海岸地区中早期的标志之一。该地区的古代艺术（包括陶器和纺织品）经常描绘与神话人物相关的断头。在该地区的所有山谷中都发现了被确定为战利品的实际头颅，这表明人类斩首和战利品头颅取走是南海岸早期中期社会的重要方面。尽管存在战利品，但在考古记录中很少发现斩首人体。最近在阿卡里山谷的一处中早期遗址阿马托进行的考古发掘史无前例地发现了数十具被斩首的尸体，这些尸体埋在位于中心的结构内。除了头部之外，几块颈骨也消失了，而剩下的最上面的颈椎骨通常会出现明显的切割痕迹。斩首的受害者包括所有年龄和性别，其中一些人的手腕和脚踝被绑住。许多受害者出现了招架骨折，这表明发生了暴力、面对面的对抗。阿卡里存在几个建有防御系统的地点（以及它们之间的缓冲区），再加上斩首的证据，强烈表明阿卡里发生了彻底的暴力，而人类斩首很可能是那场冲突的直接结果。
Severed human heads constitute one of the hallmarks of the Early Intermediate period of the Peruvian South Coast region. The ancient art of this region (including pottery and textiles) frequently portrays severed heads that are often associated with mythical beings. Actual heads, identified as trophies, have also been found in all the valleys of the region, suggesting that human decapitation and trophy head taking were important aspects of Early Intermediate period society on the South Coast. Notwithstanding the occurrence of trophies, decapitated human bodies are seldom found in the archaeological record. Recent archaeological excavations carried out at Amato, an Early Intermediate period site in the Acari Valley, resulted in the unprecedented finding of dozens of decapitated bodies buried inside a centrally located structure. In addition to the heads, several cervical bones are also absent, and the uppermost cervical vertebrae that remain often exhibit unmistakable cut marks. Victims of decapitation represent all ages and both sexes, some of whom had their wrists and ankles tied. Many of the victims exhibit parry fractures, which indicate a violent, face-to-face confrontation. The presence in Acari of several sites with constructed defensive systems (and with buffer zones between them), in conjunction with the evidence of decapitation, strongly indicate that outright violence occurred in Acari and that human decapitation likely was a direct outcome of that conflict.